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institution = {{IDSIA} --- Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale},
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number = {{IDSIA}-19-05 ver. 2.0, arXiv:cs.NE/0512062},
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editor={},
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year = {2007}}
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year = {2004}}
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author = {J. Schmidhuber},
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year = {2008}}
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author = {J. Schmidhuber},
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year = {2012}}
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year = {2004}}
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year = {2008}}
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author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Overview of artificial curiosity and active exploration,
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year = {2004}}
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author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Overviews of artificial curiosity/creativity and active exploration
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year = {2012}}
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author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title ={G\"{o}del machine home page, with frequently asked questions},
note = {http://www.idsia.ch/\~{ }juergen/goedelmachine.html},
year = {2004}}
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author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {{Overview of work on hierarchical
learning and automatic subgoal generation, with a dozen publications}},
note = {http://www.idsia.ch/\~{ }juergen/subgoals.html},
year = {2004}}
@misc{Schmidhuber:04learningrobots,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {{Overview of work on robot learning, with publications}},
note = {http://www.idsia.ch/\~{ }juergen/learningrobots.html},
year = {2004}}
@misc{Schmidhuber:04unilearn,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {{Universal Predictors and Learners (overview),
with links to journal publications by M. Hutter and J. Schmidhuber}},
note = {http://www.idsia.ch/\~{ }juergen/unilearn.html},
year = {2004}}
@inproceedings{Lohmeier:04,
author = {S. Lohmeier and K. Loeffler and M. Gienger and H. Ulbrich and F. Pfeiffer},
title = {Sensor System and Trajectory Control of a Biped Robot},
booktitle = "Proc. 8th IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Motion
Control (AMC'04), Kawasaki, Japan",
pages ="393-398",
year = {2004}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:02nips,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Bias-Optimal Incremental Problem Solving},
booktitle =
{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 15},
editor={},
publisher={MIT Press, Cambridge, MA},
pages = {},
note = {To appear},
year = {2002}}
@Book{Pinker:97,
author = "S. Pinker",
title = "How the mind works",
publisher = "Norton, W. W. \& Company, Inc.",
year = "1997"}
@Article{Hutter:07uspx,
author = "M. Hutter",
title = "On Universal Prediction and {B}ayesian Confirmation",
journal = "Theoretical Computer Science",
year = "2007"
}
@InProceedings{Hutter:06aixifoe,
author = "J. Poland and M. Hutter",
title = "Universal Learning of Repeated Matrix Games",
booktitle = "Proc. 15th Annual Machine Learning Conf. of {B}elgium and {T}he {N}etherlands ({Benelearn'06})",
pages = "7--14",
address = "Ghent",
_editor = "Yvan Saeys and Bernard De Baets and Elena Tsiporkova and Yves Van de Peer",
xpublisher = "",
_month = may,
year = "2006"
}
@Book{Hutter:04book+,
author = "M. Hutter",
title = "Universal Artificial Intelligence:
Sequential Decisions based on Algorithmic Probability",
publisher = "Springer",
address = "Berlin",
note = "(On J. Schmidhuber's SNF grant 20-61847)",
year = "2004"}
@Book{Hutter:05book+,
author = "M. Hutter",
title = "Universal Artificial Intelligence:
Sequential Decisions based on Algorithmic Probability",
publisher = "Springer",
address = "Berlin",
note = "(On J. Schmidhuber's SNF grant 20-61847)",
year = "2005"}
@Incollection{Hutter:03aixigentle,
author = "M. Hutter",
title = "A Gentle Introduction to The Universal Algorithmic Agent {AIXI}",
booktitle = {Artificial General Intelligence},
editor = "B. Goertzel and C. Pennachin",
publisher = "Springer",
note = {Accepted},
year = "2006"}
@Incollection{Schmidhuber:03grandai,
author = "J. Schmidhuber",
title = "Towards Solving the Grand Problem of {AI}",
booktitle = "Soft Computing and complex systems",
editor = "P. Quaresma and A. Dourado and E. Costa and J. F. Costa",
publisher = "Centro Internacional de Mathematica, Coimbra, Portugal",
pages = "77-97",
note = {Based on \cite{Schmidhuber:03newai}},
year = "2003"}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:03newai1,
author = "J. Schmidhuber",
title = "The New {AI}: General \& Sound \& Relevant for Physics",
number = {TR IDSIA-04-03, Version 1.0, arXiv:cs.AI/0302012 v1},
month = {February},
year = "2003"}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:11powerplay,
author = "J. Schmidhuber",
title = "{{\sc PowerPlay}: Training an Increasingly General Problem Solver by Continually Searching for the Simplest Still Unsolvable Problem}",
number = {arXiv:1112.5309v1 [cs.AI]},
year = "2011"}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:12slimnn,
author = "J. Schmidhuber",
title = "Self-Delimiting Neural Networks",
institution="IDSIA",
number = {IDSIA-08-12, arXiv:1210.0118v1 [cs.NE]},
year = "2012"}
@techreport{powerplay2012experiments,
author = "R. K. Srivastava and B. R. Steunebrink and J. Schmidhuber",
title = "{First Experiments with {\sc PowerPlay}}",
number = {arXiv:1210.8385v1 [cs.AI]},
year = "2012"}
@article{powerplay2013nn,
author = "R. K. Srivastava and B. R. Steunebrink and J. Schmidhuber",
title = "{First Experiments with {\sc PowerPlay}}",
journal = {Neural Networks},
issn = "0893-6080",
doi = "10.1016/j.neunet.2013.01.022",
year = "2013"}
@Incollection{Schmidhuber:03newai,
author = "J. Schmidhuber",
title = "The New {AI}: General \& Sound \& Relevant for Physics",
editor = "B. Goertzel and C. Pennachin",
booktitle = {Artificial General Intelligence},
publisher = "Springer",
pages={175-198},
note = {Also available as TR IDSIA-04-03, arXiv:cs.AI/0302012},
year = "2006"}
@article{rueckstiess2011a,
Author = {T. R{\"u}ckstie{\ss} and J. Schmidhuber},
Journal = {The Python Papers},
Number = {1},
Pages = {2},
Title = {A Python Experiment Suite},
Volume = {6},
Year = {2011}}
@article{rueckstiess2011b,
Author = {T. R{\"u}ckstie{\ss} and J. Schmidhuber},
Journal = {The Python Papers Source Codes},
Title = {{Python Experiment Suite Implementation}},
Volume = {2:4},
Year = {2011}}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Hung2011,
Author={H. Ngo and M. Ring and J. Schmidhuber},
Title={Compression Progress-Based Curiosity Drive for Developmental Learning},
booktitle="Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics IEEE-ICDL-EPIROB",
Editor="",
Volume="",
Number="",
Pages="",
Publisher="IEEE",
Year="2011"
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{rupesh2012icdl,
Author={R. K. Srivastava and B. R. Steunebrink and M. Stollenga and J. Schmidhuber},
Title={Continually Adding Self-Invented Problems to the Repertoire: First Experiments with {\sc PowerPlay}},
booktitle="Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics IEEE-ICDL-EPIROB",
Editor="",
Volume="",
Number="",
Pages="",
Publisher="IEEE",
Year="2012"
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{cuccu2011,
Author={G. Cuccu and M. Luciw and J. Schmidhuber and F. Gomez},
Title={Intrinsically Motivated Evolutionary Search for Vision-Based Reinforcement Learning},
booktitle="Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics IEEE-ICDL-EPIROB",
Editor="",
Volume="",
Number="",
Pages="",
Publisher="IEEE",
Year="2011"
}
@inproceedings{masci2011icann,
author = {J. Masci and
U. Meier and
D. Ciresan and
J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Stacked Convolutional Auto-Encoders for Hierarchical Feature
Extraction},
booktitle = {ICANN (1)},
year = {2011},
pages = {52-59},
ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21735-7_7},
crossref = {DBLP:conf/icann/2011-1},
bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de}
}
@proceedings{DBLP:conf/icann/2011-1,
editor = {T. Honkela and
W. Duch and
M. A. Girolami and
S. Kaski},
title = {Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning - ICANN
2011 - 21st International Conference on Artificial Neural
Networks, Espoo, Finland, June 14-17, 2011, Proceedings,
Part I},
booktitle = {ICANN (1)},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
volume = {6791},
year = {2011},
isbn = {978-3-642-21734-0},
ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21735-7},
bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{foerster-esann07,
AUTHOR = { A. F{\"o}rster and A. Graves and J. Schmidhuber},
TITLE = {{RNN-based Learning of Compact Maps for Efficient Robot Localization}},
BOOKTITLE = {{15th European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks, ESANN}},
YEAR = {2007},
MONTH={April},
PAGES = {537-542},
ADDRESS = {Bruges, Belgium},
ISBN={2-930307-07-2}
}
@BOOK{Kuhn:62,
author = "T. Kuhn",
title = "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions",
publisher ="University of Chicago Press",
year = 1962}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:12art,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A Formal Theory of Creativity to Model the Creation of Art.},
booktitle ={Computational Creativity},
editor={J. McCormack and M. d'Inverno},
publisher = {MIT Press},
note={In press},
pages={},
volume={},
year = {2012}}
@INPROCEEDINGS{glasmachers:2010b,
TITLE = {{Exponential Natural Evolution Strategies}},
AUTHOR = {T. Glasmachers and T. Schaul and Y. Sun and D. Wierstra and J. Schmidhuber},
BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO)},
YEAR = {2010},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{glasmachers:2010c,
TITLE = {{A Natural Evolution Strategy for Multi-Objective Optimization}},
AUTHOR = {T. Glasmachers and T. Schaul and J. Schmidhuber},
BOOKTITLE = {Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN) XI},
YEAR = {2010},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{glasmachers:2010d,
TITLE = {{Universal Consistency of Multi-Class Support Vector Classifiation}},
AUTHOR = {T. Glasmachers},
BOOKTITLE = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)},
YEAR = {2010},
}
@inproceedings{Sun2009,
author = {Sun, Yi and Wierstra, D. and Schaul, T. and Schmidhuber, J.},
booktitle = {International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)},
issue = {1},
keywords = {Evolution Strategies,Natural Gradient,Optimization,Pole-balancing,evolution strategies,natural gradient,stochastic search},
title = {Stochastic Search using the Natural Gradient},
year = {2009}
}
@inproceedings{Sun2009a,
author = {Sun, Yi and Wierstra, D. and Schaul, T. and Schmidhuber, J.},
booktitle = {Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference},
keywords = {Evolution Strategies,Natural Gradient,Optimization,evolution strategies,natural gradient,optimization},
title = {Efficient Natural Evolution Strategies},
year = {2009}
}
@article{nes2011arxiv,
title={Natural Evolution Strategies},
author={D. Wierstra and T. Schaul and T. Glasmachers and Yi Sun and J. Schmidhuber},
journal={Under review for Journal of Machine Learning Research},
year={2011}
}
@article{hansen2001ecj,
title={Completely derandomized self-adaptation in evolution strategies},
author={Hansen, N. and Ostermeier, A.},
journal={Evolutionary Computation},
volume={9},
number={2},
pages={159--195},
year={2001},
publisher={MIT Press}
}
@InProceedings{Sims:1994:EVC,
author = {K. Sims},
editor = {A. Glassner},
booktitle = {Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '94 (Orlando, Florida, July 1994)},
title = {Evolving Virtual Creatures},
organization = {ACM SIGGRAPH},
publisher = {ACM Press},
pages = {15--22},
month = {jul},
year = {1994},
note = {ISBN 0-89791-667-0},
series = {Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference}
}
@Article{siegelmann91turing,
author = {H. T. Siegelmann and E. D. Sontag},
title = {Turing Computability with Neural Nets},
journal = {Applied Mathematics Letters},
year = {1991},
volume = {4},
number = {6},
pages = {77--80},
}
@TechReport{lee-learning:96,
author = {Lillian Lee},
title= {Learning of Context-Free Languages: A Survey of the Literature},
institution = {Center for Research in Computing Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts},
number = {TR-12-96},
year = {1996},
}
@InProceedings{osborne97learning,
author = {M. Osborne and E. Briscoe},
title = {Learning stochastic categorial grammars},
booktitle = {{Proceedings of the Assoc. for Comp. Linguistics, Comp. Nat. Lg.Learning (CoNLL97) Workshop}},
address = {Madrid},
pages = {80--87},
year = {1997},
note = {http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/osborne97learning.html},
}
@Article{casey96dynamics,
author = {M. P. Casey},
title = {The Dynamics of Discrete-Time Computation, With
Application to Recurrent Neural Networks and Finite
State Machine Extraction},
journal = {Neural Computation},
volume = {8},
number = {6},
year = {1996},
pages = {1135--1178},
}
@PhdThesis{siegelmann93foundations,
author = {H.T. Siegelmann},
school = {Rutgers},
address = {New Brunswick Rutgers, The State of New Jersey},
title = {Theoretical Foundations of Recurrent Neural Networks},
year = {1992},
url = {ftp://cs.rutgers.edu/pub/technical-reports/dcs-tr-306.ps.Z},
}
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author = {Alan D. Blair and Jordan B. Pollack},
title = {Analysis of Dynamical Recognizers},
journal = {Neural Computation},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
year = {1997},
pages = {1127--1142},
}
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author = {Z. Zeng and R. Goodman and P. Smyth},
title = {Discrete Recurrent Neural Networks for Grammatical Inference},
journal ={IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks},
volume = {5},
number = {2},
year = {1994},
}
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author = {M. Boden and J. Wiles},
title = {Context-free and context-sensitive dynamics in recurrent neural networks}, journal = {Connection Science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
year = {2000},
}
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AUTHOR = {S. Ulam},
TITLE = {Random Processes and Transformations},
BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the International Congress on Mathematics},
YEAR = {1950},
Volume = {2},
PAGES = {264-275}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Jana:97,
crossref = "ecp-97",
AUTHOR = "J. Koehler and B. Nebel and J. Hoffmann and Y. Dimopoulos",
TITLE = "Extending Planning Graphs to an {ADL} Subset",
PAGES = "273--285"}
@Proceedings{ecp-97,
key = "ECP-97",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Planning",
title = "Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Planning",
editor = "S. Steel",
SERIES = "LNAI",
VOLUME = "1348",
publisher = "Springer",
year = 1997 }
@article{Landauer:61,
author = {Landauer, R.},
title = {Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process},
journal = {IBM Journal of Research and Development},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
year = {1961},
issn = {0018-8646},
pages = {183--191},
}
@ARTICLE{Fredkin:82,
AUTHOR = "E. F. Fredkin and T. Toffoli",
TITLE = "Conservative Logic",
JOURNAL = "International Journal of Theoretical Physics",
VOLUME = "21",
NUMBER = "3/4",
YEAR = "1982",
PAGES = "219--253" }
@inproceedings{pasemann01icann,
author = {M. H\"{u}lse and B. Lara and F. Pasemann and U. Steinmetz},
title = "Evolving neural behavior control for autonomous robots",
booktitle= "Lecture Notes on Comp. Sci. 2130,
Proc. Intl. Conf. on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN-2001)",
editors = "G. Dorffner and H. Bischof and K. Hornik",
publisher= "Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg",
pages = "957-962",
year = "2001"}
@misc{pasemann04,
author = {M. H\"{u}lse and K. Zahedi and F. Pasemann},
title = "Representing Robot-Environment Interactions
by Dynamical Features of Neuro-Controllers",
booktitle = "Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems",
publisher="LNAI, Springer",
year = "2004"}
@article{pasemann01,
author = {F. Pasemann and U. Steinmetz and M. H\"{u}lse and B. Lara},
title = "Robot Control and the Evolution of Modular Neurodynamics",
journal= "Theory in Biosciences",
volume="120",
pages="311-326",
year = "2001"}
@inproceedings{rueckstiess2008b,
Author = {T. R{\"u}ckstie{\ss} and M. Felder and J. Schmidhuber},
Booktitle = {European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML) and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases 2008, Part II, LNAI 5212},
Editor = {W. Daelemans et al.},
Pages = {234--249},
Title = {{State-Dependent Exploration} for Policy Gradient Methods},
Year = {2008}}
@inproceedings{rueckstiess2008a,
Author = {T. R{\"u}ckstie{\ss} and M. Felder and F. Sehnke and J. Schmidhuber},
Booktitle = {1st International Workshop on Cognition for Technical Systems},
Title = {Robot Learning with State-Dependent Exploration},
Year = {2008}}
@inproceedings{sehnke2008a,
Author = {F. Sehnke and T. R{\"u}ckstie{\ss} and J. Schmidhuber},
Booktitle = {1st International Workshop on Cognition for Technical Systems},
Title = {Parametric Policy Gradients for Robotics},
Year = {2008}}
@inproceedings{sehnke2008b,
Author = {F. Sehnke and C. Osendorfer and T. R{\"u}ckstie{\ss} and A. Graves and J. Peters and J. Schmidhuber},
Booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks ICANN},
Title = {Policy Gradients with Parameter-based Exploration for Control},
Year = {2008}}
@inproceedings{pasemann99,
author = "F. Pasemann and U. Steinmetz and U. Dieckman",
title = "Evolving Structure and Function of Neurocontrollers",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Congress on Evolutionary Computation",
volume = "3",
month = "6-9",
publisher = "IEEE Press",
address = "Mayflower Hotel, Washington D.C., USA",
editor = "P. J. Angeline and Z. Michalewicz and M. Schoenauer and X. Yao and A. Zalzala",
pages = "1973--1978",
year = "1999"}
@ARTICLE{Bennett:82,
AUTHOR = "C. H. Bennett",
TITLE = "The Thermodynamics of Computation, a Review",
JOURNAL = "International Journal of Theoretical Physics",
VOLUME = "21",
YEAR = "1982",
NUMBER = "12",
PAGES = "905--940" }
@ARTICLE{Bennett-73,
AUTHOR = "C.~H. Bennett",
TITLE = "Logical Reversibility of Computation",
JOURNAL = "IJRD",
VOLUME = "17",
NUMBER = "6",
YEAR = "1973",
PAGES = "525--532" }
@Article{Li:04nc,
author = {M. Li and J. J. Clark},
title = {A temporal stability approach to
position and attention-shift-invariant recognition},
journal = {Neural Computation},
VOLUME = "16",
NUMBER = "9",
PAGES = "2293-23211",
year = {2004}}
@Article{Omlin:04,
author = {A. Vahed and C. W. Omlin},
title = {A Machine Learning Method for Extracting Symbolic Knowledge from Recurrent Neural Networks},
journal = {Neural Computation},
VOLUME = "16",
NUMBER = "1",
PAGES = "59-71",
year = {2004}}
@Article{Omlin:96,
author = {C.W. Omlin and C. L. Giles},
title = {Extraction of Rules from Discrete-Time Recurrent Neural Networks},
journal = {Neural Networks},
VOLUME = "9",
NUMBER = "1",
PAGES = "41-52",
year = {1996}}
@article{Riesenhuber:99,
author = {M. Riesenhuber and T. Poggio},
title ={Hierarchical Models of object recognition in cortex},
journal={Nature Neuroscience},
volume = {2},
number = {11},
year = {1999}}
@article{Egeth:97,
author = {H. E. Egeth and S. Yantis},
title ={Visual attention: control, representation, and time course},
journal={Ann. Rev. Psychol.},
volume = {48},
pages= {269-297},
year = {1997}}
@Article{Schmidhuber:02nc,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and F. Gers and D. Eck},
title = {Learning Nonregular Languages: A Comparison
of Simple Recurrent Networks and {LSTM}},
journal = {Neural Computation},
VOLUME = "14",
NUMBER = "9",
PAGES = "2039-2041",
year = {2002}}
@InProceedings{ Eck:2001icann,
author = {D. Eck},
title = {A Network of Relaxation Oscillators that Finds Downbeats
in Rhythms},
booktitle = {{Artificial Neural Networks -- ICANN 2001 (Proceedings)}},
editor = {Georg Dorffner},
volume = {},
pages = {1239--1247},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin},
year = 2001,
ps = {papers/2001_icann.ps.gz},
pdf = {papers/2001_icann.pdf},
source = {OwnPublication}}
@Article{ Eck:2002downbeats,
author = {D. Eck},
title = {Finding Downbeats with a Relaxation Oscillator},
journal = "Psychological Research",
year = {2002},
volume = {66},
number = {1},
pages = {18--25},
ps = {papers/2002_psyres.ps.gz},
pdf = {papers/2002_psyres.pdf}}
@Article{Eck:2002positive,
author = {D. Eck},
title = {A Positive-Evidence Model for Rhythmical Beat Induction},
journal = {Journal of New Music Research},
year = {2001},
volume = {30},
number = {2},
pages = {187--200},
ps = {papers/2001_jnmr.ps.gz},
pdf = {papers/2001_jnmr.pdf},
source = {OwnPublication},
abstract =
{The Normalized Positive (NPOS) model is a rule-based model that predicts
downbeat location and pattern complexity in rhythmical patterns. Though
derived from several existing models, the NPOS model is particularly
effective at making correct predictions while at the same time having
low complexity. In this paper, the details of the model are explored
and a comparison is made to existing models. Several datasets are used
to examine the complexity predictions of the model. Special attention
is paid to the model's ability to account for the effects of musical
experience on beat induction.} }
@InProceedings{Eck:02icann,
author = {D. Eck and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Learning The Long-Term Structure of the Blues},
booktitle = {{Artificial Neural Networks -- ICANN 2002}},
editor = {J. Dorronsoro},
pages = {284--289},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin},
year = 2002,
}
@BOOK{Zuse:69,
author = "K. Zuse",
title = "Rechnender {Raum}",
publisher ="Friedrich Vieweg \& Sohn",
address = "Braunschweig",
note = "English translation: {\em Calculating Space,}
MIT Technical Translation AZT-70-164-GEMIT,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(Proj. MAC), Cambridge, Mass. 02139, Feb. 1970",
year = 1969}
@article{Wolfram:84,
author = "S. Wolfram",
title = "Universality and Complexity in Cellular Automata",
journal = "Physica D",
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year = 1984}
@article{Deville:94,
author = "Y. Deville and K. K. Lau",
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volume = "19",
number = "20",
pages = "321-350",
year = 1994}
@article{Zuse:67,
author = "K. Zuse",
title = "Rechnender {Raum}",
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year = 1967}
@BOOK{Mitchell:97,
author = "T. Mitchell",
title = "Machine Learning",
publisher ="McGraw Hill",
year = 1997}
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author = "P. J. Koopman Jr.",
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year = 1989}
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author = "W. J. Cook and W. H. Cunningham and W. R. Pulleyblank and A. Schrijver",
title = "Combinatorial Optimization",
publisher ="John Wiley \& Sons, New York",
year = 1998}
@BOOK{Hochbaum:97,
author = "D. Hochbaum (editor)",
title = "Approximation Algorithms for {NP-hard} Problems",
publisher ="PWS Publishing Company",
year = 1997}
@BOOK{Galouye:64,
author = "D. F. Galouye",
title = "Simulacron 3",
publisher ="Bantam",
year = 1964}
@incollection{Wiering:01book,
author = {M. A. Wiering and R. P. Sa\l{}ustowicz and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Model-based reinforcement learning for evolving soccer strategies},
booktitle = {Computational Intelligence in Games},
editor={N. Baba and L.C. Jain},
publisher = {Springer Verlag, Berlin},
pages={},
year = {2001}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:02burgin,
author={J. Schmidhuber},
title={{Speed Prior} and Optimal Simulation of the Future},
booktitle={Proceedings of the Business and Industry Symposium, 2002 Advanced
Simulation Technologies Conference},
series = "Simulation Series",
volume = {34},
number = {4},
editor = "M. Ades and L. M. Deschaine",
publisher = "SCS",
pages = "40--45",
address = "San Diego, California",
year={2002}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:02colt,
author={J. Schmidhuber},
title={The {Speed Prior:} A New Simplicity Measure Yielding
Near-Optimal Computable Predictions},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on
Computational Learning Theory (COLT 2002)},
series = "Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence",
editor = "J. Kivinen and R. H. Sloan",
publisher = "Springer",
pages = "216--228",
address = "Sydney, Australia",
year={2002}}
@INCOLLECTION{Bakker:01nips,
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year = "2001",
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note = "(On J. Schmidhuber's SNF grant 20-61847)",
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address = "Manno(Lugano), CH",
journal = "Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial
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author = "M. Hutter",
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note = "(On J. Schmidhuber's SNF grant 20-61847)",
year = {2001},
ftp = "ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/techrep/IDSIA-03-01.ps.gz",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0101019",
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the $18^{th}$ International Conference on
Machine Learning (ICML-2001)",
editor = "C. E. Brodley and A. P. Danyluk",
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author = "M. Hutter",
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keywords = "Induction; Solomonoff, Bayesian, deterministic prediction;
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@PhDThesis{Wiering_thesis:99,
author = "M. A. Wiering",
title = "Explorations in Efficient Reinforcement Learning",
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year = 1999,
month = "February",
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Artificial
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publisher = "Springer-Verlag, London",
volume = {1},
pages = "443-448",
year = "1998"
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number = {SPIN-1999/07/gr-gc/9903084, http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/gr-qc/9903084},
note = {Also published in {\em Classical and Quantum Gravity 16}, 3263},
year = {1999}}
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title ={H-PIPE: Facilitating Hierarchical
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number ={IDSIA-8-98},
institution ={IDSIA},
address={Lugano, Switzerland},
year = {1998}}
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pages ={488-496},
year ={1998}}
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number ={IDSIA-11-98},
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@inproceedings{Hochreiter:98icann,
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@techreport{Hochreiter:98lococode,
author = {S. Hochreiter and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {{LOCOCODE}},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-222-97, Revised Version},
year = {1998}}
@techreport{Hochreiter:98lococodeold,
author = {S. Hochreiter and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Feature extraction through {LOCOCODE}},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-222-97 (revised version)},
note = {Submitted to {\em Neural Computation}. Available per {FTP}
{\tt ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/juergen/lococode.ps.gz} or
{\tt ftp://flop.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/pub/fki/fki-222-97rev.ps.gz}},
year = {1998}}
@techreport{Hochreiter:98lococodesimple,
author = {S. Hochreiter and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Feature extraction through {LOCOCODE}},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-222-97 (revised version)},
note = {Submitted to {\em Neural Computation}},
year = {1998}}
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booktitle = {From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the Fifth International
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pages = {},
publisher={MIT Press},
year = {1998}}
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editor={M. I. Jordan and M. J. Kearns and S. A. Solla},
publisher={},
pages = {},
note = {To appear},
year = {1998}}
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note = {To appear},
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title = {High-Performance Neural Networks for Visual Object Classification},
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title = {Multi-Column Deep Neural Networks for Image Classification},
institution = {IDSIA},
note = {arXiv:1202.2745v1 [cs.CV]},
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title = {Improving Generalization Performance in Character Recognition},
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author = {LeCun, Y.},
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booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer School},
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author = {LeCun, Y.},
title = {Modeles connexionnistes de l'apprentissage (connectionist learning
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school = {Universit\'e P. et M. Curie (Paris 6)},
year = {1987},
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author = {LeCun, Y.},
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(a Learning Scheme for Asymmetric Threshold Networks)},
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address = {Paris, France},
key = {Lecun},
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Bengio, Y.},
title = {Convolutional Networks for Images, Speech, and Time-Series},
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year = {1995},
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publisher = {MIT Press},
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Bengio, Y.},
title = {Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks},
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year = {1995},
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publisher = {MIT Press},
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Bengio, Y.},
title = {word-level training of a handwritten word recognizer based on convolutional
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Bengio, Y. and Henderson, D. and Weisbuch, A. and Weissman,
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Boser, B. and Denker, J. S. and Henderson, D. and Howard,
R. E. and Hubbard, W. and Jackel, L. D.},
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R. E. and Hubbard, W. and Jackel, L. D.},
title = {Handwritten digit recognition with a back-propagation network},
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Boser, B. and Denker, J. S. and Henderson, D. and Howard,
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Boser, B. and Denker, J. S. and Henderson, D. and Howard,
R. E. and Hubbard, W. and Jackel, L. D. and Baird H. S.},
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@TECHREPORT{lecun-bottou-02,
author = {LeCun, Y. and Bottou, L.},
title = {Lush Reference Manual},
year = {2002},
note = {code available at http://lush.sourceforge.net},
url = {http://lush.sourceforge.net}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{lecun-bottou-bengio-97,
author = {LeCun, Y. and Bottou, L. and Bengio, Y.},
title = {Reading Checks with graph transformer networks},
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year = {1997},
volume = {1},
pages = {151-154},
address = {Munich},
publisher = {IEEE},
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}
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Bottou, L. and Bengio, Y. and Haffner, P.},
title = {Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document Recognition},
booktitle = {Intelligent Signal Processing},
year = {2001},
pages = {306-351},
publisher = {IEEE Press},
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@ARTICLE{lecun:1998,
author = {LeCun, Y. and Bottou, L. and Bengio, Y. and Haffner, P.},
title = {Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document Recognition},
journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
year = {1998},
volume = {86},
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number = {11},
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Bottou, L. and Erofeev, A. and Haffner, P. and Riemers,
W.},
title = {DjVu Document Browsing with On-Demand loading and rendering of image
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booktitle = {Internet Imaging},
year = {2001},
address = {San Jose},
month = {January},
original = {orig/lecun-01.ps.gz}
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Bottou, L. and Haffner, P. and Howard, P.},
title = {DjVu: a compression method for distributing scanned documents in
color over the internet},
booktitle = {Color 6},
year = {1998},
publisher = {IST},
original = {orig/lecun-98c.ps.gz}
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Bottou, L. and Orr, G. and Muller, K.},
title = {Efficient BackProp},
booktitle = {Neural Networks: Tricks of the trade},
year = {1998},
editor = {Orr, G. and Muller K.},
publisher = {Springer},
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@UNPUBLISHED{lecun-bottou-88,
author = {LeCun, Y. and Bottou, {L\'{e}on-Yves}},
title = {{SN}: A Simulator For Connectionist Models},
note = {User Manual},
month = {March},
year = {1988}
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@INPROCEEDINGS{lecun-06,
author = {LeCun, Y. and Chopra, S. and Hadsell, R. and Ranzato, M.
and Huang, F.},
title = {A Tutorial on Energy-Based Learning},
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Chopra, S. and Ranzato, M. and Huang, F.},
title = {Energy-Based Models in Document Recognition and Computer Vision},
booktitle = {Proc. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
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year = {2007},
note = {(keynote address)},
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Fogelman-Soulie, F.},
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author = {LeCun, Y. and Galland, C. C. and Hinton, G. E.},
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year = {1989}}
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institution={Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University},
number={},
year = {1990}}
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{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2},
editor={D. S. Touretzky},
publisher={Morgan Kaufmann},
pages = {710-718},
year = {1990}}
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author = {M. D. Plumbley},
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CUED/F-INFENG/TR.78,
Engineering Department,
Cambridge University}},
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Lehrstuhl Prof. Brauer,
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year = {1992}}
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year = {1989}}
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number={},
year = {1990}}
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publisher={Morgan Kaufmann},
year = {1991}}
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author = "Ring, M. B.",
title = "Continual Learning in Reinforcement Environments",
school = "University of Texas at Austin",
year = 1994,
address = "Austin, Texas 78712",
month = "August",
}
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@phdthesis{Robinson:89,
author= {A. J. Robinson},
title = {Dynamic Error Propagation Networks},
school = {Trinity Hall and Cambridge University Engineering Department},
year = {1989}}
@techreport{RobinsonFallside:87tr,
author= {A. J. Robinson and F. Fallside},
title = {The Utility Driven Dynamic Error Propagation Network},
institution = {Cambridge University Engineering Department},
number={CUED/F-INFENG/TR.1},
year = {1987}}
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title = {Static and Dynamic Error Propagation Networks with
Application to Speech Coding},
journal = {Proceedings of Neural Information Processing Systems,
American Institute of Physics},
year = {1987}}
@inproceedings{RobinsonFallside:89,
author = {T. Robinson and F. Fallside},
title = {Dynamic Reinforcement Driven Error Propagation
Networks with Application to Game Playing},
crossref = {CogSci:89},
year = {1989}}
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pages = {659-666},
year = {1992}}
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author = {R. Rohwer and B. Forrest},
title = {Training Time-Dependence in Neural Networks},
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{IEEE 1st International Conference on Neural Networks, San Diego},
volume={2},
pages={701-708},
year = {1987}}
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title = {The `Moving Targets' Training Method},
crossref = {DANIP:90},
year = {1989}}
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title = {Personal Communication},
year = {1990}}
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title={Development of Feature Detectors by Self-Organization: A Network Model},
journal={Biological Cybernetics},
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pages={193-199},
year = {1990}}
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title={A Self-Organization Network for Principal-Component Analysis},
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title={Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation},
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publisher = {MIT Press},
volume={1},
pages={318-362},
year = {1986}}
@incollection{RumelhartZipser:86,
author={D. E. Rumelhart and D. Zipser},
title={Feature Discovery by Competitive Learning},
booktitle = {Parallel Distributed Processing},
publisher = {MIT Press},
pages={151-193},
year={1986}}
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journal={Artificial Intelligence},
volume={49},
pages={361-395},
year={1991}}
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author={S. Russell and E. Wefald},
title = {Do the right thing. {Studies} in limited rationality},
publisher = {MIT Press},
year={1991}}
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title = {Deliberation scheduling for problem solving in
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journal={Artificial Intelligence},
volume={67},
pages={245-285},
year={1994}}
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author= {T. D. Sanger},
title = {An optimality principle for unsupervised learning},
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{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 1},
editor={D. S. Touretzky},
publisher={Morgan Kaufmann},
pages = {11-19},
year = {1989}}
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author = {L.K. Saul and S.P. Singh},
title = {Learning Curve Bounds for a {Markov} Decision Process with
Undiscounted Rewards},
booktitle =
{Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on
Computational Learning Theory},
note = {To appear},
year = {1996}}
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author={T. J. Sejnowski and C. R. Rosenberg},
title={Parallel Networks that Learn to Pronounce English Text},
journal={Complex Systems},
volume = {1},
year = {1987}}
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title= {A Mathematical Theory of Communication (Parts {I} and {II})},
journal={Bell System Technical Journal},
volume={XXVII},
pages={379-423},
year = {1948}}
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author={C. E. Shannon},
title= {A Mathematical Theory of Communication (Part {III})},
journal={Bell System Technical Journal},
volume={XXVII},
pages={623-656},
year = {1948}}
@article{Schaffer:93,
author={C. Schaffer},
title = { Overfitting Avoidance as Bias},
journal={Machine Learning},
volume={10},
pages={153-178},
year={1993}}
@article{Schapire:90,
author={R. E. Schapire},
title={The Strength of Weak Learnability},
journal={Machine Learning},
volume={5},
pages={197-227},
year={1990}}
@misc{Schmidhuber:87long,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {{Evolutionary principles in self-referential learning, or
on learning how to learn: the meta-meta-... hook.
Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen}},
note = {http://www.idsia.ch/\~{ }juergen/diploma.html},
year = {1987}}
@misc{Schmidhuber:87,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {{Evolutionary principles in self-referential learning.
Diploma thesis, Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen}},
note = {http://www.idsia.ch/\~{ }juergen/diploma.html},
year = {1987}}
@misc{Schmidhuber:90heat,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {The {Neural Heat Exchanger}},
note = {Talk presented at {Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen}.
The same talk was given at University of Colorado at Boulder (1992),
at various other institutions, and at {Zhaoping Li's NIPS*94} workshop
on unsupervised learning.},
year = {1990}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:89-1,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Accelerated Learning in Back-Propagation Nets},
booktitle = {Connectionism in Perspective},
editor = {R. Pfeifer and Z. Schreter and Z. Fogelman and L. Steels},
pages = {429 - 438},
publisher = {Amsterdam: Elsevier, North-Holland},
year = {1989}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:89-2,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {The Neural Bucket Brigade},
booktitle = {Connectionism in Perspective},
editor = {R. Pfeifer and Z. Schreter and Z. Fogelman and L. Steels},
pages = {439-446},
publisher = {Amsterdam: Elsevier, North-Holland},
year = {1989}}
@article{Schmidhuber:89cs,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A Local Learning Algorithm for Dynamic Feedforward
and Recurrent Networks},
journal = {Connection Science},
volume = {1},
number = {4},
pages={403-412},
year = {1989}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:89report,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A Local Learning Algorithm for Dynamic Feedforward
and Recurrent Networks},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-124-90},
year = {1989}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:90washington,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Recurrent Networks Adjusted by Adaptive Critics},
booktitle =
{Proc. IEEE/INNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks,
Washington, D. C.},
volume={1},
pages={719-722},
year = {1990}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:90netwadju,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Networks Adjusting Networks},
booktitle= {Proceedings of `Distributed Adaptive Neural
Information Processing', St.Augustin, 24.-25.5. 1989 },
editor = {J. Kindermann and A. Linden},
publisher = {Oldenbourg},
pages={197-208},
note={In November 1990 a revised and extended version
appeared as FKI-Report
FKI-125-90 (revised) at the
Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
year = {1990}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:90duesseldorf,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Temporal-Difference-Driven Learning in Recurrent Networks},
booktitle = {Parallel Processing in Neural Systems and Computers},
pages={209-212},
editor = {R. Eckmiller and G. Hartmann and G. Hauske},
publisher = {North-Holland},
year = {1990}}
@article{Schmidhuber:90nnr,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title={Additional remarks on {G. Lukes'} review of
{Schmidhuber's paper `Recurrent networks adjusted by adaptive critics'} },
journal={Neural Network Reviews},
volume = {4},
pages={43},
number = {1},
year = {1990}}
@article{Schmidhuber:90nnn,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title={{Reinforcement-Lernen und adaptive Steuerung}},
journal={Nachrichten Neuronale Netze},
pages={1-3},
volume={2},
publisher={},
year = {1990}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:90diff1,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Making the world differentiable:
On Using Fully Recurrent Self-Supervised Neural Networks for
Dynamic Reinforcement Learning and Planning in Non-Stationary
Environments},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-126-90},
month={February},
note = { (In November there appeared a revised and extended
version.) },
year = {1990}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:90diffgenau,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Making the world differentiable:
On Using Fully Recurrent Self-Supervised Neural Networks for
Dynamic Reinforcement Learning and Planning in Non-Stationary
Environments},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-126-90 (revised)},
month={November},
note = { (Revised and extended
version of an earlier report from February.) },
year = {1990}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:90diff,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Making the world differentiable:
On Using Fully Recurrent Self-Supervised Neural Networks for
Dynamic Reinforcement Learning and Planning in Non-Stationary
Environments},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-126-90},
year = {1990}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:90sandiego,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {An On-Line Algorithm for Dynamic Reinforcement Learning
and Planning in Reactive Environments},
booktitle =
{Proc. IEEE/INNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks,
San Diego},
pages={253-258},
volume={2},
year = {1990}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:90paris,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Reinforcement Learning with Interacting Continually Running
Fully Recurrent Networks},
booktitle =
{Proc. INNC International Neural Network Conference,
Paris},
pages={817-820},
volume={2},
year = {1990}}
@techreport{SchmidhuberHuber:90,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and R. Huber},
title = {Learning to Generate Focus Trajectories for
Attentive Vision},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-128-90},
year = {1990}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:90compositional,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Towards Compositional Learning with Dynamic Neural Networks},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-129-90},
year = {1990}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:90cmss,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Learning Algorithms for Networks with Internal and External Feedback},
booktitle =
{ Proc. of the 1990 Connectionist Models Summer School},
pages={52-61},
editor={D. S. Touretzky and J. L. Elman and T. J. Sejnowski and G. E. Hinton},
publisher={Morgan Kaufmann},
year = {1990}}
@misc{Steffi:93,
author = {S. Lindst\"{a}dt},
title = {Comparison of Unsupervised Neural Networks for Redundancy Reduction},
note ={Master's thesis, Dept. of Comp. Sci., University of Colorado at Boulder},
year = {1993}}
@inproceedings{Steffi:93cmss,
author = {S. Lindst\"{a}dt},
title = { Comparison of two unsupervised neural network models
for redundancy reduction},
booktitle =
{ Proc. of the 1993 Connectionist Models Summer School},
pages={308-315},
editor={ M. C. Mozer and P. Smolensky and D. S. Touretzky and J. L. Elman and A. S. Weigend},
publisher={Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates},
year = {1993}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:90sab,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A Possibility for Implementing Curiosity and Boredom in
Model-Building Neural Controllers},
booktitle =
{Proc. of the International Conference on
Simulation of Adaptive Behavior: From Animals to Animats},
pages={222-227},
editor={J. A. Meyer and S. W. Wilson},
publisher={MIT Press/Bradford Books},
year = {1991}}
@misc{Schmidhuber:90thesis,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {{Dynamische neuronale Netze und das fundamentale raumzeitliche
Lernproblem. Dissertation, Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen}},
year = {1990}}
@misc{Schmidhuber:90nipsworkshop,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {{Talk at the NIPS'90 workshop on dynamic networks led by R. Rohwer}},
year = {1990}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:91nips,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Reinforcement Learning in {M}arkovian and Non-{M}arkovian
Environments},
booktitle =
{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 3 (NIPS 3)},
editor={D. S. Lippman and J. E. Moody and D. S. Touretzky},
publisher={Morgan Kaufmann},
pages = {500-506},
year = {1991}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:91fastweights,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = { Learning to Control Fast-Weight Memories: An Alternative to
Recurrent Nets},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-147-91},
month = {March},
year = {1991}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:91icannsubgoals,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = { Learning to Generate Sub-Goals for Action Sequences},
booktitle = {Artificial Neural Networks},
editor={T. Kohonen and K. M\"{a}kisara and O. Simula and J. Kangas},
publisher={Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., North-Holland},
pages={967-972},
year = {1991}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:05assc,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A Technical Justification of Consciousness},
booktitle = {9th annual meeting of the Association for the
Scientific Study of Consciousness ASSC, Caltech, Pasadena, CA},
year = {2005}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:05icann,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Completely Self-Referential Optimal Reinforcement Learners},
booktitle = {Artificial Neural Networks:
Biological Inspirations - ICANN 2005, LNCS 3697},
editor={W. Duch and J. Kacprzyk and E. Oja and S. Zadrozny},
publisher={Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
pages={223-233},
note={Plenary talk},
year = {2005}}
@inproceedings{Gomez:05icann,
author = {F. J. Gomez and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Evolving modular fast-weight networks for control},
booktitle = {Artificial Neural Networks:
Biological Inspirations - ICANN 2005, LNCS 3697},
editor={W. Duch and J. Kacprzyk and E. Oja and S. Zadrozny},
publisher={Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
pages={383-389},
year = {2005}}
@inproceedings{Graves:06icml,
author = {A. Graves and S. Fernandez and F. J. Gomez and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Connectionist Temporal Classification: Labelling Unsegmented Sequence Data
with Recurrent Neural Nets},
booktitle = {ICML '06: Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning},
editor={},
publisher={},
pages={},
year = {2006}}
@inproceedings{Beringer:05icann,
author = {N. Beringer and A. Graves and F. Schiel and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Classifying unprompted speech by retraining {LSTM} Nets},
booktitle = {Artificial Neural Networks:
Biological Inspirations - ICANN 2005, LNCS 3696},
editor={W. Duch and J. Kacprzyk and E. Oja and S. Zadrozny},
publisher={Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
pages={575-581},
year = {2005}}
@inproceedings{Gagliolo:05icann,
author = {M. Gagliolo and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A neural network model for adaptive online time allocation},
booktitle = {Artificial Neural Networks:
Biological Inspirations - ICANN 2005, LNCS 3697},
editor={W. Duch and J. Kacprzyk and E. Oja and S. Zadrozny},
publisher={Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
pages={7-12},
year = {2005}}
@inproceedings{Giessen:05icann,
author = {M. v. d. Giessen and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Fast color-based object recognition independent of position and
orientation},
booktitle = {Artificial Neural Networks:
Biological Inspirations - ICANN 2005, LNCS 3696},
editor={W. Duch and J. Kacprzyk and E. Oja and S. Zadrozny},
publisher={Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
pages={469-474},
year = {2005}}
@inproceedings{Graves:05icann,
author = {A. Graves and S. Fern\'{a}ndez and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Bidirectional {LSTM} Networks for Improved Phoneme Classification and Recognition},
booktitle = {Artificial Neural Networks:
Biological Inspirations - ICANN 2005, LNCS 3697},
editor={W. Duch and J. Kacprzyk and E. Oja and S. Zadrozny},
publisher={Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
pages={799-804},
year = {2005}}
@inproceedings{SchmidhuberHuber:91icann,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and R. Huber},
title = {Using Sequential Adaptive Neuro-Control for
Efficient Learning of Rotation and Translation Invariance},
booktitle = {Artificial Neural Networks},
editor={T. Kohonen and K. M\"{a}kisara and O. Simula and J. Kangas},
publisher={Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., North-Holland},
pages={315-320},
year = {1991}}
@article{SchmidhuberHuber:91,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and R. Huber},
journal={International Journal of Neural Systems},
title={ Learning to Generate Artificial Fovea Trajectories for
Target Detection},
pages={135-141},
number={1 \& 2},
volume={2},
year = {1991}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:91icann,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Adaptive Decomposition of Time},
booktitle = {Artificial Neural Networks},
editor={T. Kohonen and K. M\"{a}kisara and O. Simula and J. Kangas},
publisher={Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., North-Holland},
pages={909-914},
year = {1991}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:91chunker,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = { Neural Sequence Chunkers},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-148-91},
month = {April},
year = {1991}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:91cur,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Adaptive Curiosity and Adaptive Confidence},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-149-91},
month = {April},
note={See also \cite{Schmidhuber:91singaporecur}},
year = {1991}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:91n3,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {An {$O(n^3)$} Learning Algorithm for Fully Recurrent Networks},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-151-91},
month = {May, 6},
year = {1991}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:91singaporechunker,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Adaptive History Compression for Learning to Divide and Conquer},
booktitle =
{Proc. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks,
Singapore},
publisher = {IEEE},
volume={2},
pages={1130-1135},
year = {1991}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:91singaporefastweights,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Learning Temporary Variable Binding with Dynamic Links},
booktitle =
{Proc. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks,
Singapore},
publisher = {IEEE},
volume={3},
pages={2075-2079},
year = {1991}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:91singaporecur,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Curious Model-Building Control Systems},
booktitle =
{Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks,
Singapore},
publisher = {IEEE press},
volume={2},
pages={1458-1463},
year = {1991}}
@article{Schmidhuber:92ncfastweights,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = { Learning to Control Fast-Weight Memories: An Alternative to
Recurrent Nets},
journal={Neural Computation},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages={131-139},
year = {1992}}
@article{Schmidhuber:92ncchunker,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title={Learning Complex, Extended Sequences Using the Principle
of History Compression},
journal={Neural Computation},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages={234-242},
year = {1992}}
@article{Schmidhuber:93ascona,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {``{Neural}'' redundancy reduction for text compression},
journal={Neural Network World},
volume = {3},
number = {6},
pages={849-853},
year = {1993}}
@article{Schmidhuber:92ncn3,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A Fixed Size Storage {$O(n^3)$} Time Complexity
Learning Algorithm for Fully Recurrent Continually Running Networks},
journal={Neural Computation},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages={243-248},
year = {1992}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:92nips,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Learning Unambiguous Reduced Sequence Descriptions},
booktitle =
{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 4 (NIPS 4)},
editor={J. E. Moody and S. J. Hanson and R. P. Lippman},
publisher={Morgan Kaufmann},
pages = {291-298},
year = {1992}}
@misc{SchmidhuberStorck:93,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and J. Storck},
title = {Reinforcement driven information acquisition in
nondeterministic environments},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
note={Report},
year = {1993}}
@inproceedings{SchmidhuberMozerPrelinger:93,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and M. C. Mozer and D. Prelinger},
title = { Continuous History Compression},
booktitle = {Proc. of Intl. Workshop on Neural Networks, RWTH Aachen},
editor={H. H\"{u}ning and S. Neuhauser and M. Raus and W. Ritschel},
publisher={Augustinus},
pages = {87-95},
year = {1993}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:91predmin,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Learning Factorial Codes By Predictability Minimization},
institution = {Dept. of Comp. Sci., University of Colorado at Boulder},
number = {CU-CS-565-91},
month = {Dec},
year = {1991}}
@techreport{SchmidhuberPrelinger:92,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and D. Prelinger},
title = {Discovering Predictable Classifications},
institution = {Dept. of Comp. Sci., University of Colorado at Boulder},
number = {CU-CS-626-92},
month = {November},
year = {1992}}
@article{Schmidhuber:92ncfactorial,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Learning Factorial Codes By Predictability Minimization},
journal={Neural Computation},
volume = {4},
number = {6},
pages={863-879},
year = {1992}}
@article{SchmidhuberPrelinger:93,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and D. Prelinger},
journal={Neural Computation},
title = {Discovering Predictable Classifications},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages={625-635},
year = {1993}}
@techreport{SchmidhuberWahnsiedler:92,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and R. Wahnsiedler},
title = { Trajectory Planning with Neural Subgoal Generators},
institution = {Dept. of Comp. Sci., University of Colorado at Boulder},
number = {},
note={In preparation},
month = {},
year = {1992}}
@incollection{SchmidhuberWahnsiedler:92sab,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and R. Wahnsiedler},
title = { Planning Simple Trajectories Using Neural Subgoal Generators},
booktitle =
{Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Simulation
of Adaptive Behavior},
editor={J. A. Meyer and H. L. Roitblat and S. W. Wilson},
pages={196-202},
publisher = {MIT Press},
year = {1992}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:92selfref,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = { Steps towards ``Self-Referential'' Learning},
institution = {Dept. of Comp. Sci., University of Colorado at Boulder},
number = {CU-CS-627-92},
month = {November},
year = {1992}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:93selfrefieee,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A neural network that embeds its own meta-levels},
booktitle =
{Proc. of the International Conference on Neural Networks '93, San Francisco},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {1993}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:93selfreficann,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A self-referential weight matrix},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on
Artificial Neural Networks, Amsterdam},
pages={446-451},
publisher = {Springer},
year = {1993}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:93ratioicann,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {On decreasing the ratio between learning complexity
and number of time-varying variables in fully recurrent nets},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on
Artificial Neural Networks, Amsterdam},
pages={460-463},
publisher = {Springer},
year = {1993}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:93selfrefann,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {An introspective network that can learn to run its own
weight change algorithm},
booktitle =
{Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Artificial Neural Networks, Brighton },
publisher = {IEE},
pages={191-195},
year = {1993}}
@inproceedings{SchmidhuberPrelinger:93ann,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and D. Prelinger},
title = { A novel unsupervised classification method},
booktitle =
{Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Artificial Neural Networks, Brighton },
publisher = {IEE},
pages={91-96},
year = {1993}}
@inproceedings{SchmidhuberPrelinger:93icann,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and D. Prelinger},
title = { Unsupervised extraction of predictable abstract features},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on
Artificial Neural Networks, Amsterdam},
pages={601-604},
publisher = {Springer},
year = {1993}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:93ratio,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {
On Decreasing the Ratio between Learning Complexity
and Number of Time Varying Variables in Fully Recurrent Nets},
institution = {Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {},
month = {},
year = {1993}}
@misc{Schmidhuber:93habil,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {{Netzwerkarchitekturen, Zielfunktionen und Kettenregel.
Ha\-bi\-li\-ta\-tions\-schrift, Institut f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen}},
year = {1993}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:94kol,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Discovering Problem Solutions with Low {Kolmogorov} Complexity
and High Generalization Capability},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik, Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-194-94},
note={Short version in
A. Prieditis and S. Russell, eds., Machine Learning: Proceedings
of the Twelfth International Conference, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, pages 488--496,
San Francisco, CA,
1995},
year = {1994}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:95kol,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Discovering Solutions with Low {Kolmogorov} Complexity
and High Generalization Capability},
booktitle =
{Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference},
editor={A. Prieditis and S. Russell},
publisher={Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA},
pages={488-496},
year = {1995}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:95gp,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Beyond ``Genetic Programming'': Incremental Self-Improvement},
booktitle = {Proc. Workshop on Genetic Programming at ML95},
editor = {Justinian Rosca},
publisher = {National Resource Lab for the study of Brain and Behavior},
pages={42-49},
year = {1995}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:97brauerold,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A Computer Scientist's View of Life, the Universe, and Everything},
booktitle = {Foundations of Computer Science: Potential - Theory - Cognition},
editor = {C. Freksa and M. Jantzen and R. Valk},
publisher = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin},
volume={1337},
pages={201-208},
note = {Submitted 1996},
ISSN= {ISSN 0302-9743},
ISBN = {3-540-63746-X},
year = {1997}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:97brauer,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A Computer Scientist's View of Life, the Universe, and Everything},
booktitle = {Foundations of Computer Science: Potential - Theory - Cognition},
editor = {C. Freksa and M. Jantzen and R. Valk},
publisher = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin},
volume={1337},
pages={201-208},
ISSN= {ISSN 0302-9743},
ISBN = {3-540-63746-X},
year = {1997}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:94selfold,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {On learning how to learn learning strategies},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
note = {Revised 1995},
number = {FKI-198-94},
year = {1994}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:94self,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {On learning how to learn learning strategies},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-198-94},
note={See \cite{Schmidhuber:97bias,Schmidhuber:97ssa}},
year = {1994}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:94art,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Low-complexity art},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-197-94},
year = {1994}}
@article{Schmidhuber:97art,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Low-complexity art},
journal={Leonardo, Journal of the
International Society for the Arts, Sciences, and
Technology},
volume = {30},
number = {2},
pages={97-103},
year = {1997}}
@misc{Schmidhuber:94kunst,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Algorithmische {Kunst}},
note = {Manuscript},
number = {},
year = {1994}}
@misc{Schmidhuber:97femmes,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Femmes fractales},
number = {Report IDSIA-99-97, IDSIA},
year = {1997}}
@techreport{SchmidhuberStorck:94,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and J. Storck and S. Hochreiter},
title = {Reinforcement driven information acquisition in
nondeterministic environments},
number = {FKI- -94},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
year = {1994}}
@techreport{SchmidhuberHeil:94report,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and S. Heil},
title = {{Sequential Neural Text Compression}},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI- -94},
year = {1994}}
@techreport{SchmidhuberJankowski:95,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and N. Jankowski},
title = {Applications of {Levin's} Optimal Universal Search Algorithm},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
note = {In preparation},
year = {1995}}
@techreport{SchmidhuberFoltin:94,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and B. Foltin},
title = {Semilinear predictability minimization produces
orientation sensitive edge detectors},
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Informatik,
Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen},
number = {FKI-201-94},
month = {December},
year = {1994}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:99zif,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Neural Predictors for Detecting and Removing Redundant Information},
booktitle = {Adaptive Behavior and Learning},
editor = {H. Cruse and J. Dean and H. Ritter},
publisher = {Kluwer},
pages={},
year = {1999}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:94zif,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Neural Predictors for Detecting and Removing Redundant Information},
booktitle = {Adaptive Behavior and Learning},
editor = {H. Cruse and J. Dean and H. Ritter},
publisher = {Center for Interdisciplinary Research,
Universit\"{a}t Bielefeld},
number = {9},
pages={135-145},
year = {1994}}
@article{SchmidhuberHeil:96,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and S. Heil},
title = {Sequential Neural Text Compression},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages={142-146},
year = {1996}}
@article{Ritter:90,
author = {T. M. Martinetz and H. J. Ritter and K. J. Schulten},
title = {Three-dimensional neural net for learning visuomotor coordination of a robot arm},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
pages={131-136},
year = {1990}}
@article{Ritter:02,
author = {P. McGuire and J. Fritsch and J. J. Steil and F. Rothling adn G. A. Fink and S. Wachsmuth and G. Sagerer and H. Ritter},
title = {Multi-Modal Human-Machine Communication for Instructing Robot Grasping Tasks},
journal={Intelligent Robots and Systems},
volume = {2},
pages={1082-1088},
year = {2002}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:95hkust,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Environment-independent reinforcement acceleration},
institution = {IDSIA},
number = {Note IDSIA-59-95},
month = {June},
note = {Invited talk at Hongkong University of Science and Technology},
year = {1995}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:99ec,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A General Method for
Incremental Self-Improvement
and Multi-Agent Learning},
booktitle = {Evolutionary Computation: Theory and Applications},
editor = {X. Yao},
publisher = {World Scientific},
pages={81-123},
year = {1999}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:96aaai,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A General Method for Multi-Agent Learning
in Unrestricted Environments},
booktitle = { Adaptation, Co-evolution and
Learning in Multiagent Systems, Technical Report SS-96-01},
publisher = { American
Association for Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, Calif. },
pages={84-87},
year = {1996}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:96gerdi,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Realistic Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning},
booktitle = {Learning in Distributed
Artificial Intelligence Systems. Working Notes of the
1996 ECAI Workshop},
editor = {G. Weiss},
publisher = {},
pages={},
year = {1996}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:96guess,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and S. Hochreiter},
title = {Guessing can outperform many long time lag algorithms},
institution = {IDSIA},
number = {IDSIA-19-96},
year = {1996}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:96meta,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and J. Zhao and M. Wiering},
title = {Simple Principles of Metalearning},
institution = {IDSIA},
number = {IDSIA-69-96},
note={See \cite{Schmidhuber:97bias,Schmidhuber:97ssa}},
year = {1996}}
@article{Schmidhuber:97nn,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title={Discovering Neural Nets with Low {Kolmogorov} Complexity
and High Generalization Capability},
journal={Neural Networks},
volume = {10},
number = {5},
pages={857-873},
year = {1997}}
@incollection{SchmidhuberHeil:00,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and S. Heil},
title = {Compressing Texts with Neural Nets},
booktitle = {Handbook of Natural Language Processing},
editor={Dale and Moisl and Somers},
pages={863-872},
publisher = {Marcel Dekker, Inc.},
year = {2000}}
@inproceedings{Schmidhuber:96iconip,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {The Neural Heat Exchanger},
booktitle =
{Proceedings of the Intl. Conference
on Neural Information Processing},
editors={S. Amari and L. Xu and L. Chan and I. King and K. Leung},
volume={1},
pages={194-197},
publisher = {Springer},
year = {1996}}
@incollection{SchmidhuberZhao:97dai,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and J. Zhao},
title = { Multi-Agent Learning with the Success-Story Algorithm},
booktitle = {Distributed Artificial Intelligence
meets Machine Learning},
editor={G. Weiss},
pages={82-93},
publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
year = {1997}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:97interesting,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {What's interesting?},
institution = {IDSIA},
number = {IDSIA-35-97},
note={ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/juergen/interest.ps.gz;
extended abstract in Proc. Snowbird'98, Utah, 1998;
see also \cite{Schmidhuber:02predictable}},
year = {1997}}
@techreport{Wiering:96hq,
author = {M. Wiering and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {{HQ-Learning: Discovering Markovian} Subgoals for Non-{Markovian}
Reinforcement Learning},
institution = {IDSIA},
number = {IDSIA-95-96},
year = {1996}}
@misc{Wiering:95,
author = {M. Wiering},
title = {{\it TD Learning of Game Evaluation Functions with Hierarchical
Neural Architectures}},
note ={Master's thesis, Department of Computer Systems, University of Amsterdam},
month = {April},
year = {1995}}
@inproceedings{Wiering:96levin,
author = {M.A. Wiering and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Solving {POMDPs} with {L}evin search and {EIRA}},
booktitle =
{Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference},
editor={L. Saitta},
publisher={Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA},
pages={534-542},
year = {1996}}
@inproceedings{Wiering:98conald,
author = {M.A. Wiering and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Learning exploration policies with models},
booktitle =
{Proc. CONALD},
editor={},
publisher={},
pages={},
year = {1998}}
@inproceedings{Jieyu:96self,
author = {J. Zhao and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Incremental Self-Improvement for
Life-Time Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning},
editor={
Pattie Maes and Maja Mataric and Jean-Arcady Meyer and Jordan Pollack
and Stewart W. Wilson },
booktitle = {From Animals to Animats 4: Proceedings
of the Fourth International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive
Behavior, Cambridge, MA },
pages = {516-525},
publisher={MIT Press, Bradford Books},
year = {1996}}
@inproceedings{Heil:94nips,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and S. Heil},
title = {Predictive Coding with Neural Nets: Application to Text Compression},
editor={G. Tesauro and D. S. Touretzky and T. K. Leen},
booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 7},
publisher={MIT Press},
pages = {1047 - 1054},
year = {1995}}
@article{Schmidhuber:97bias,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and J. Zhao and M. Wiering},
title={ Shifting inductive bias with success-story algorithm,
adaptive {Levin} search, and incremental self-improvement},
journal={Machine Learning },
volume = {28},
pages={105-130},
year = {1997}}
@incollection{Schmidhuber:97ssa,
author = {J. Schmidhuber and J. Zhao and N. Schraudolph},
title = { Reinforcement learning with self-modifying policies},
booktitle = {Learning to learn},
editor={S. Thrun and L. Pratt},
pages={293--309},
publisher = {Kluwer},
year = {1997}}
@techreport{Schmidhuber:98locoface,
author = {J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Facial beauty and fractal geometry},
institution = {IDSIA},
note = {Published in the Cogprint Archive: http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk},
number = {TR IDSIA-28-98},
year = {1998}}
@article{Schuermann:89,
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AUTHOR = {M. Schuster},
TITLE = { On supervised learning from sequential data with applications for speech recognition},
SCHOOL = {Nara Institute of Science and Technolog},
YEAR = {1999},
ADDRESS = { Kyoto, Japan}
}
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AUTHOR = {T. Fukada and M. Schuster and Y. Sagisaka},
TITLE = {Phoneme boundary estimation using bidirectional recurrent neural networks and its applications},
JOURNAL = {Systems and Computers in Japan},
YEAR = {1999},
VOLUME = {30},
number = {4},
PAGES = {20--30},
ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-684X(199904)30:4$<$20::AID-SCJ3$>$3.0.CO;2-E},
bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de}
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@TECHREPORT{graves05retraining,
AUTHOR = {A. Graves and N. Beringer and J. Schmidhuber},
TITLE = {Rapid Retraining on Speech Data with {LSTM} Recurrent Networks},
INSTITUTION = {IDSIA},
YEAR = {2005},
NUMBER = {IDSIA-09-05},
ADDRESS = {www.idsia.ch/\-techrep.html}
}
@InProceedings{graves+eck+beringer+schmidhuber:2003,
author = {A. Graves and D. Eck and N. Beringer and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Isolated Digit Recognition with {LSTM} Recurrent Networks},
booktitle = {First International Workshop on Biologically Inspired Approaches to Advanced Information Technology},
address = {Lausanne},
year = {2003},
source = {OwnPublication},
abstract = {Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are local in space and time and closely related to a biological model of memory in the prefrontal cortex. Not only are they more biologically plausible than previous artificial RNNs, they also outperformed them on many artificially generated sequential processing tasks. This encouraged us to apply LSTM to more realistic problems, such as the recognition of spoken digits. Without any modification of the underlying algorithm, we achieved results comparable to state-of-the-art Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based recognisers on both the TIDIGITS and TI46 speech corpora. We conclude that LSTM should be further investigated as a biologically plausible basis for a bottom-up, neural net-based approach to speech recognition.}
}
@InProceedings{ graves+beringer+schmidhuber:2003,
author = {A. Graves and N. Beringer and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {A Comparison Between Spiking and Differentiable Recurrent Neural Networks on Spoken Digit Recognition},
booktitle = {The 23rd IASTED International Conference on modelling, identification, and control},
address = {Grindelwald},
year = {2003},
source = {OwnPublication},
abstract = {In this paper we demonstrate that Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is a differentiable recurrent neural net (RNN)
capable of robustly categorizing timewarped speech data. We measure its performance on a spoken digit identification task, where the data was spike-encoded in such a way that classifying the utterances became a difficult challenge in non-linear timewarping. We find that LSTM gives greatly superior results to an SNN found in the
literature, and conclude that the architecture has a place in domains that require the learning of large timewarped datasets, such as automatic speech recognition.}
}
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author = {T. Lin and B. G. Horne and P. Tino and C. L. Giles},
title = {Learning long-term dependencies is not as
difficult with {NARX} recurrent neural networks},
institution = {Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD 20742},
number = {UMIACS-TR-95-78 and CS-TR-3500},
year = {1995}}
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publisher={Morgan Kaufmann},
pages = {180-187},
year = {1993}}
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year = {1994}}
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Training with added noise works about as good.",
notes = "^^",
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author = { F. A. Gers and J. Schmidhuber and F. Cummins},
title = {Learning to Forget: Continual Prediction with {LSTM}},
institution = {IDSIA, Lugano},
year = {1999},
number = {IDSIA-01-99},
address = {Lugano, CH}
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institution = {University of Massachusetts},
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address = {Amherst, MA 01003}
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
pages= {1033--1040},
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year = 2010,
editor = {J. F{\"u}rnkranz and T. Joachims},
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note={Schraudolph was member of Schmidhuber's group at IDSIA}
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volume = {2010},
month = {February},
year = {2010},
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booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 European conference on Machine learning and knowledge
discovery in databases: Part I},
series = {ECML PKDD'10},
year = {2010},
isbn = {3-642-15879-X, 978-3-642-15879-7},
location = {Barcelona, Spain},
pages = {264--279},
numpages = {16},
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publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}
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title = "Linkage problem, distribution estimation, and Bayesian networks.
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institution = "University of illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory",
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@book{goldberg:gabook89,
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author = {Goldberg, David E. },
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@INPROCEEDINGS{mbiro,
AUTHOR = {M. Birattari and T. St\"utzle and L. Paquete and K. Varrentrapp},
TITLE = {A Racing Algorithm for Configuring Metaheuristics},
BOOKTITLE = {GECCO 2002: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference},
PAGES = {11-18},
YEAR = {2002},
EDITOR = {W. Langdon et al.},
PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers},
URL = {papers/gecco2002.pdf},
ABSTRACT = {The paper describes a racing procedure for finding in a limited amount of time, a
configuration of a metaheuristic that should perform as good as possible on a given class of instances
of a combinatorial optimization problem. Taking inspiration from methods proposed in the machine learning
literature for model selection through cross-validation, we propose a procedure that empirically evaluates
a set of candidate configurations by discarding bad ones as soon as statistically sufficient evidence is
gathered against them. We empirically evaluate our procedure using as an example the configuration of an
ant colony optimization algorithm applied to the traveling salesman problem. The experimental
results show that our procedure is able to quickly reduce the number of candidates, and allows to focus on the
most promising ones.}
}
@BOOK {BoxDraper87,
AUTHOR="G. E. P. Box and N. R. Draper",
TITLE={Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces},
PUBLISHER={John Wiley},
ADDRESS={New York},
YEAR={1987} }
@article{Soares:04ml,
author = {Carlos Soares and Pavel B. Brazdil and Petr Kuba},
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journal = {Mach. Learn.},
volume = {54},
number = {3},
year = {2004},
issn = {0885-6125},
pages = {195--209},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
}
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author = {A. Kalousis and J. Gama and M. Hilario},
title = {On Data and Algorithms: Understanding Inductive Performance},
journal = {Mach. Learn.},
volume = {54},
number = {3},
year = {2004},
issn = {0885-6125},
pages = {275--312},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
}
@techreport{Soares:02fast,
author ={J. F\"{u}rnkranz and J. Petrak and P. Brazdil and C. Soares},
title ={On the Use of Fast Subsampling Estimates for Algorithm Recommendation},
number={TR-2002-36},
institution ={\"{O}sterreichisches Forschungsinstitut f\"{u}r Artificial Intelligence, Wien},
year = {2002}}
@Article{mach:Brazdil+Soares+Costa:2003,
author = {Pavel B. Brazdil and Carlos Soares and Joaquim Pinto da Costa},
title = {Ranking Learning Algorithms: Using {IBL} and Meta Learning on Accuracy and Time Results},
journal = {Machine Learning},
volume = 50,
number = 3,
year = 2003,
pages = {251-277}
}
@InProceedings{MOO94,
author = "A. W. Moore and M. S. Lee",
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publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann",
year = "1994",
pages = "190--198",
}
@InCollection{DorDic99:optbook,
author = "M. Dorigo and G. {Di Caro}",
editor = "D. Corne and M. Dorigo and F. Glover",
booktitle = "New Ideas in Optimization",
title = "The Ant Colony Optimization Meta-Heuristic",
publisher = "McGraw-Hill",
pages = "11--32",
year = "1999",
}
@InProceedings{Auer:1995:GRC,
author = "Peter Auer and Nicol{\`o} Cesa-Bianchi and Yoav Freund and Robert E. Schapire",
title = "Gambling in a rigged casino: the adversarial multi-armed bandit problem",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 36th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science",
publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA",
pages = "322--331",
year = "1995",
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year = "1998",
publisher = "{MIT} Press",
address = "Cambridge, MA",
editor = "B. Sch{\"o}lkopf and C. J. C.~Burges and A. J.~Smola",
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@Article{Igel:2003:NC,
author = "Christian Igel and Marc Toussaint",
title = "Neutrality and Self-Adaptation",
journal = "Natural Computing",
year = "2003",
volume = "2",
number = "2",
URL = "http://ipsapp009.kluweronline.com/content/getfile/5030/5/1/abstract.htm",
doi = "doi:10.1023/A:1024906105255",
pages = "117--132",
keywords = "evolutionary computation, genotype-phenotype mapping,
neutrality, No-Free-Lunch theorem, redundancy,
self-adaptation, genetic programming",
abstract = "Neutral genotype-phenotype mappings can be observed in
natural evolution and are often used in evolutionary
computation. In this article, important aspects of such
encodings are analysed. First, it is shown that in the
absence of external control neutrality allows a
variation of the search distribution independent of
phenotypic changes. In particular, neutrality is
necessary for self-adaptation, which is used in a
variety of algorithms from all main paradigms of
evolutionary computation to increase efficiency.
Second, the average number of fitness evaluations
needed to find a desirable (e.g., optimally adapted)
genotype depending on the number of desirable genotypes
and the cardinality of the genotype space is derived.
It turns out that this number increases only marginally
when neutrality is added to an encoding presuming that
the fraction of desirable genotypes stays constant and
that the number of these genotypes is not too small.",
notes = "Article ID: 5126729",
}
@Article{mach:Giraud-Carrier+Vilalta+Brazdil:2004,
author = {Christophe Giraud-Carrier and Ricardo Vilalta and Pavel Brazdil},
title = {Introduction to the Special Issue on Meta-Learning},
journal = {Machine Learning},
volume = 54,
number = 3,
year = 2004,
pages = {187-193},
note = {Special Issue: Meta-Learning}
}
@Article{horvitz-zilberstein:2001a,
author = "Eric J. Horvitz and Shlomo Zilberstein",
title = "Computational Tradeoffs under Bounded Resources
(Editorial)",
journal = "Artificial Intelligence",
year = "2001",
volume = "126",
number = "1--2",
pages = "1--4",
topic = "resource-bounded-reasoning;",
note= "Special Issue"
}
@Article{gomes-selman:2001a,
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title = "Algorithm Portfolios",
journal = "Artificial Intelligence",
year = "2001",
volume = "126",
number = "1--2",
pages = "43--62",
topic = "search;AI-algorithms;anytime-algorithms;"
}
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pages = "65--118",
year = "1976",
publisher = "Academic Press",
address = "New York"
}
@InProceedings{Nudelman:03,
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author = "Eugene Nudelman and Galen Andrew and Jim Mcfadden and
Kevin Leyton-brown and Yoav Shoham",
year = "2003",
booktitle = "Proceedings of IJCAI-03, 18th International Joint
Conference on Artificial Intelligence",
editor = "Georg Gottlob and Toby Walsh",
publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann",
address = "San Francisco, {US}"}
@misc{metal,
author = "Johannes F{\"u}rnkranz",
title ="On-line Bibliography on Meta-Learning",
note = "{EU ESPRIT METAL} Project (26.357): A Meta-Learning Assistant for Providing User Support in Machine Learning Mining",
year = {2001}}
@misc{ecml00metaws,
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year = 2000,
title = {{ECML} 2000 Workshop on Meta-Learning: Building Automatic
Advice Strategies for Model Selection and Method Combination} }
@InProceedings{LeyNudSho02,
author = "Kevin Leyton-Brown and Eugene Nudelman and Yoav Shoham",
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Programming (CP), LNCS",
year = "2002",
}
@InProceedings{russell:93b,
author = "S. J. Russell and S. Zilberstein",
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Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-93)",
pages = "1402--1407",
year = "1993",
publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA",
editor = "Ruzena Bajcsy",
month = aug # "~29--" # sep # "~3",
address = "Chamb{\'e}ry, France",
}
@Article{Russell+Wefald:1991a,
author = "Stuart J. Russell and Eric H. Wefald",
year = "1991",
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number = "1--3",
month = may,
pages = "361--395",
}
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key = "Etzioni",
author = "O. Etzioni",
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month = jan,
year = "1991",
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@Article{hansen_ea-zilberstein:2001a,
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title = "Monitoring and Control of Anytime Algorithms: {A}
Dynamic Programming Approach",
journal = "Artificial Intelligence",
year = "2001",
volume = "126",
number = "1--2",
pages = "139--157",
topic = "anytime-algorithms;metareasoning;",
}
@Article{boddy-dean:1994a,
author = "Mark Boddy and Thomas L. Dean",
title = "Deliberation Scheduling for Problem Solving in
Time-Constrained Environments",
journal = "Artificial Intelligence",
year = "1994",
volume = "67",
number = "2",
pages = "245--285",
abstract = "We are interested in the problem faced by an
agent with limited computational capabilities, embedded
in a complex environment with other agents and
processes not under its control. Careful management of
computational resources is important for complex
problem-solving tasks in which the time spent in
decision making affects the quality of the responses
generated by a system. This paper describes an approach
to designing systems that are capable of taking their
own computational resources into consideration during
planning and problem solving. In particular, we address
the design of systems that manage their computational
resources by using expectations about the performance
of decision-making procedures and preferences over the
outcomes resulting from applying those procedures. Our
approach is called deliberation scheduling.
Deliberation scheduling involves the explicit
allocation of computational resources to
decision-making procedures based on the expected effect
of those allocations on the system's performance.",
topic = "limited-rationality;",
}
@InProceedings{ll-asrl-00,
author = "M. G. Lagoudakis and M. L. Littman",
title = "Algorithm Selection using Reinforcement Learning",
booktitle = "Proc. 17th International Conf. on Machine Learning",
publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA",
year = "2000",
pages = "511--518",
}
@InProceedings{Horvitz:01Bayes,
author = {Horvitz, Eric and Ruan, Yongshao and Gomes, Carla P. and
Kautz, Henry and Selman, Bart and Chickering, David Maxwell},
title = {A Bayesian Approach to Tackling Hard Computational Problems},
pages = {235--244},
booktitle= {Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Uncertainty and
Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA, August 2001},
publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA},
year = {2000},
}
@Article{zhang_wx:2001a,
author = "Weixiong Zhang",
title = "Iterative State-Space Reduction for Flexible
Computation",
journal = "Artificial Intelligence",
year = "2001",
volume = "126",
number = "1--2",
pages = "109--138",
topic = "search;AI-algorithms;",
}
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editor = "Wolfgang Banzhaf and Jason Daida and
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Mark Jakiela and Robert E. Smith",
volume = "2",
pages = "1867",
address = "Orlando, Florida, USA",
publisher_address = "San Francisco, CA 94104, USA",
month = "13-17 " # jul,
publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann",
keywords = "genetic algorithms, genetic programming, methodology,
pedagogy and philosophy, poster paper, lindenmayer
L-systems",
ISBN = "1-55860-611-4",
notes = "GECCO-99 A joint meeting of the eighth international
conference on genetic algorithms (ICGA-99) and the
fourth annual genetic programming conference (GP-99)",
}
@techreport{Solomonoff:03idsia,
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title ={Progress in Incremental Machine Learning},
number={IDSIA-16-03},
institution ={IDSIA},
year = {2003}}
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year = 1994}
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year = "2000",
url = "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/trevisan00interactive.html" }
@InProceedings{miller:icga89,
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year = 1989,
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volume = 4,
pages = "203--222"}
@Article{moriarty:ml96,
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year = 1996 }
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number = "3",
pages = "219--246",
year = "1994"}
@InCollection{nolfi:alife4,
author = "S. Nolfi and D. Floreano and O. Miglino and F. Mondada",
title = "How to Evolve Autonomous Robots: {D}ifferent
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crossref = "alife94",
pages = "190--197"}
@Proceedings{alife94,
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publisher = "MIT",
ISBN = "0-262-52190-3",
year = 1994,
site = "Cambridge, MA"}
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year = "1995"}
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}
@COMMENT{{This file has been generated by bib2bib 1.71}}
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@PHDTHESIS{schuster:1999,
AUTHOR = {M. Schuster},
TITLE = {On supervised learning from sequential data with applications for speech recognition},
SCHOOL = {Nara Institute of Science and Technology},
YEAR = {1999}
}
@MANUAL{young2002htk,
AUTHOR = {Young, S.J. and Woodland, P.C},
TITLE = {HTK Version 3.2: User, Reference and Programmer Manual},
YEAR = {2002},
PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University},
LOCATION = {Cambridge}
}
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AUTHOR = {R. J. Jones and S. Downey and J. S. Mason},
TITLE = {Continuous Speech Recognition Using Syllables},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. Eurospeech '97},
ADDRESS = {Rhodes, Greece},
PAGES = {1171--1174},
YEAR = {1997},
URL = {citeseer.ist.psu.edu/363084.html}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{greenberg98speaking,
AUTHOR = {S. Greenberg},
TITLE = {Speaking in shorthand-- a syllable-centric perspective for understanding
pronunciation variation},
BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the ESCA Workshop on Modeling Pronunciation Variation for Automatic Speech Recognition},
ADDRESS = {Kekrade, Netherlands},
YEAR = {1998},
URL = {citeseer.ist.psu.edu/greenberg98speaking.html}
}
@TECHREPORT{sejnowski+rosenberg:1986,
AUTHOR = {T. J. Sejnowski and C. R. Rosenberg},
TITLE = {NETtalk: A parallel network that learns to read aloud},
INSTITUTION = {John Hopkins University Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science},
YEAR = {1986},
NUMBER = {JHU/EECS-86/1}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{shastri+chang+greenberg:1999,
AUTHOR = {Shastri, L. Chang, S. and Greenberg, S.},
TITLE = {Syllable Detection And Segmentation Using Temporal Flow Neural Networks},
BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences},
ADDRESS = {San Francisco},
YEAR = {1999}
}
@ARTICLE{baldi99exploiting,
AUTHOR = {Baldi and Brunak and Frasconi and Soda and Pollastri},
TITLE = {Exploiting the Past and the Future in Protein Secondary Structure Prediction},
JOURNAL = {BIOINF: Bioinformatics},
VOLUME = {15},
YEAR = {1999},
URL = {citeseer.ist.psu.edu/article/baldi99exploiting.html}
}
@INCOLLECTION{rost03rising,
AUTHOR = {Burkhard Rost},
TITLE = {Rising accuracy of protein secondary structure prediction},
BOOKTITLE = {Protein structure determination, analysis, and modeling for drug discovery},
PUBLISHER = {New York: Dekker},
YEAR = {2003},
EDITOR = {D. Chasman},
CHAPTER = {8},
PAGES = {207-249}
}
@ARTICLE{ward03svm,
AUTHOR = {Ward JJ and McGuffin LJ and Buxton BF and Jones DT},
TITLE = {Secondary structure prediction with support vector machines.},
JOURNAL = {Bioinformatics},
VOLUME = {19(13)},
PAGES = {1650--1655},
YEAR = {2003}
}
@ARTICLE{zheng03protein,
AUTHOR = {{Zheng}, W.},
TITLE = {{Protein secondary structure prediction by combining hidden Markov models and sliding window scores}},
JOURNAL = {eprint arXiv:q-bio/0310026},
EPRINT = {q-bio/0310026},
YEAR = 2003,
MONTH = OCT,
ADSNOTE = {Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@ARTICLE{baldi01bidirectional,
AUTHOR = {P. Baldi and S. Brunak and P. Frasconi and G. Pollastri and G. Soda},
TITLE = {Bidirectional Dynamics for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction},
JOURNAL = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
VOLUME = {1828},
PAGES = {80--104},
YEAR = {2001},
URL = {citeseer.ist.psu.edu/baldi99bidirectional.html}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{chen04longterm,
AUTHOR = {J. Chen and N. S. Chaudhari},
EDITOR = {F. Yin and
J. Wang and
C. Guo},
TITLE = {Capturing Long-Term Dependencies for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction},
BOOKTITLE = {Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2004, International Symposiumon Neural Networks, Part II},
PUBLISHER = {Springer},
SERIES = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
VOLUME = {3174},
PAGES = {494--500},
YEAR = {2004},
ADDRESS = {Dalian, China},
ISBN = {3-540-22843-8},
BIBSOURCE = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de}
}
@ARTICLE{schuster97bidirectional,
AUTHOR = {M. Schuster and K. K. Paliwal},
TITLE = {Bidirectional recurrent neural networks},
JOURNAL = {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing},
VOLUME = {45},
YEAR = {1997},
MONTH = {November},
PAGES = {2673--2681}
}
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ADDRESS = {New York, NY},
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AUTHOR = {King, Simon and Taylor, Paul},
TITLE = {Detection of Phonological Features in Continuous Speech using Neural Networks},
JOURNAL = {Computer Speech and Language},
VOLUME = {14},
PAGES = {333-353},
YEAR = {2000}
}
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AUTHOR = {J. Junkawitsch and L. Neubauer and H. H{\"o}ge and G. Ruske},
TITLE = {A New Keyword Spotting Algorithm with Pre-calculated Optimal Thresholds},
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VOLUME = {4},
ADDRESS = {Philadelphia, PA},
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NUMBER = {No.035 - 004}
}
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AUTHOR = {Jonathan Foote},
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JOURNAL = {Multimedia Systems},
VOLUME = {7},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {2-10},
YEAR = {1999},
URL = {citeseer.ist.psu.edu/foote98overview.html}
}
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AUTHOR = {A. Graves and D. Eck and N. Beringer and J. Schmidhuber},
TITLE = {Rapid Retraining with {LSTM} Recurrent Networks},
INSTITUTION = {IDSIA},
YEAR = {2004},
ADDRESS = {www.idsia.ch/\-techrep.html}
}
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AUTHOR = {H.A. Bourlard and N. Morgan},
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LOCATION = {Boston}
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AUTHOR = {Anthony J. Robinson},
TITLE = {An Application of Recurrent Nets to Phone Probability Estimation},
JOURNAL = {IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks},
VOLUME = {5},
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MONTH = {March},
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AUTHOR = {Randall O'Reilly},
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INSTITUTION = {ICS},
YEAR = {2003},
NUMBER = {ICS-03-03},
MONTH = {June},
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@INPROCEEDINGS{graves+eck+beringer+schmidhuber:2004,
AUTHOR = {A. Graves and D. Eck and N. Beringer and J. Schmidhuber},
TITLE = {Isolated Digit Recognition with {LSTM} Recurrent Networks},
BOOKTITLE = {First International Workshop on Biologically Inspired Approaches to Advanced Information Technology},
ADDRESS = {Lausanne},
YEAR = {2004},
SOURCE = {OwnPublication},
ABSTRACT = {Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks
(RNNs) are local in space and time and closely related to a biological model of memory in the
prefrontal cortex. Not only are they more biologically plausible than previous artificial RNNs,
they also outperformed them on many artificially generated sequential processing tasks.
This encouraged us to apply LSTM to more realistic problems, such as the recognition of spoken digits.
Without any modification of the underlying algorithm, we achieved results comparable to state-of-the-art Hidden Markov Model
(HMM) based recognisers on both the TIDIGITS and TI46 speech corpora.
We conclude that LSTM should be further investigated as a biologically plausible basis for a bottom-up,
neural net-based approach to speech recognition.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{graves+beringer+schmidhuber:2004,
AUTHOR = {A. Graves and N. Beringer and J. Schmidhuber},
TITLE = {A Comparison Between Spiking and Differentiable Recurrent Neural Networks on Spoken Digit Recognition},
BOOKTITLE = {The 23rd IASTED International Conference on modelling, identification, and control},
ADDRESS = {Grindelwald},
YEAR = {2004},
SOURCE = {OwnPublication},
ABSTRACT = {In this paper we demonstrate that Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is a differentiable recurrent neural net (RNN)
capable of robustly categorizing timewarped speech data. We measure its performance on a spoken digit
identification task, where the data was spike-encoded in such a way that classifying the utterances became a
difficult challenge in non-linear timewarping. We find that LSTM gives greatly superior results to an SNN found in the
literature, and conclude that the architecture has a place in domains that require the learning of large timewarped datasets,
such as automatic speech recognition.}
}
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JOURNAL = {Proc. PaPI Conference},
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JOURNAL = {Proc. LREC},
YEAR = {2000}
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@ARTICLE{2,
AUTHOR = {N. Beringer and F. Schiel},
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Modeling},
JOURNAL = {Proc. ICPhS},
PAGES = {1653-1656},
YEAR = {1999}
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AUTHOR = {F. Sanchez-Martinez and J. A. Puerez-Ortiz and M. L. Forcada},
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AUTHOR = {F. Sanchez-Martinez and J. A. Puerez-Ortiz and M. L. Forcada},
TITLE = {Cooperative unsupervised training of the part-of-speech taggers in a bidirectional machine translation system},
JOURNAL = {Proc. TMI},
YEAR = {2004}
}
@inproceedings{beringer:05ijcnn,
AUTHOR = {N. Beringer and A. Graves and F. Schiel and J. Schmidhuber},
TITLE = {Classifying unprompted speech by retraining {LSTM} Nets},
booktitle = {{Proc. Int. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks IJCNN 2005}},
YEAR = {2005}
}
@inproceedings{graves:05ijcnn,
AUTHOR = {A. Graves and J. Schmidhuber},
TITLE = {Framewise Phoneme Classification with Bidirectional {LSTM} Networks},
booktitle = {{Proc. Int. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks IJCNN 2005}},
YEAR = {2005}
}
@article{graves05nn,
author = {A. Graves and J. Schmidhuber},
title = {Framewise Phoneme Classification with Bidirectional LSTM and Other Neural Network Architectures},
journal = {Neural Networks},
volume = {18},
number = {5-6},
pages = {602--610},
year = {2005}
}
@article{graves:05nn,
AUTHOR = {A. Graves and J. Schmidhuber},
TITLE = {Framewise phoneme classification with bidirectional {LSTM} and
other neural network architectures},
JOURNAL = {Neural Networks},
volume={18},
pages={602-610},
YEAR = {2005}
}
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month = jul,
year = 2004,
}
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AUTHOR = {N. Beringer and A. Graves and J. Schmidhuber},
TITLE = { Human Language Acquisition in a Machine Learning Task},
JOURNAL = {Proc. ICSLP},
YEAR = {2004}
}
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title = {Adaptive Online Time Allocation to Search Algorithms},
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author = "J. Poland and M. Hutter",
title = "{MDL} Convergence Speed for {B}ernoulli Sequences",
journal = "Statistics and Computing",
volume = "16",
pages = "161--175",
year = "2006",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/mdlspeedx.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/math.ST/0602505",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-04-06.pdf",
DOI = "10.1007/s11222-006-6746-3",
keywords = "MDL, Minimum Description Length, Convergence Rate,
Prediction, Bernoulli, Discrete Model Class.",
}
@Article{Hutter:06unimdlx,
author = "M. Hutter",
title = "Sequential Predictions based on Algorithmic Complexity",
journal = "Journal of Computer and System Sciences",
volume = "72",
mumber = "1",
pages = "95--117",
year = "2006",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/unimdlx.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.IT/0508043",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-16-04.pdf",
keywords = "Sequence prediction; Algorithmic Information Theory;
Solomonoff's prior; Monotone Kolmogorov Complexity;
Minimal Description Length; Convergence;
Self-Optimizingness",
}
@Article{Mastrolilli:06knapsack,
author = "M. Mastrolilli and M. Hutter",
title = "Hybrid Rounding Techniques for Knapsack Problems",
journal = "Discrete Applied Mathematics",
volume = "154",
number = "4",
pages = "640--649",
year = "2006",
url = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/knapsack.htm",
url2 = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.CC/0305002",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-03-02.ps.gz",
}
@Article{Zaffalon:05tree,
author = "Marco Zaffalon and Marcus Hutter",
title = "Robust Inference of Trees",
journal = "Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence",
volume = "45",
pages = "215--239",
year = "2005",
_publisher = "Springer",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/tree.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0511087",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-11-03.pdf",
DOI = "10.1007/s10472-005-9007-9",
categories = "I.2. [Artificial Intelligence]",
keywords = "Robust inference, spanning trees, intervals,
dependence, graphical models, mutual information, imprecise
probabilities, imprecise Dirichlet model.",
}
@Article{Poland:05mdl2px,
author = "J. Poland and M. Hutter",
title = "Asymptotics of Discrete MDL for Online Prediction",
_month = nov,
volume = "51",
number = "11",
year = "2005",
pages = "3780--3795",
journal = "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
_issn = "0018-9448",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/mpl2px.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.IT/0506022",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-13-05.pdf",
keywords = "Algorithmic Information Theory, Classification, Consistency,
Discrete Model Class, Loss Bounds, Minimum Description Length,
Regression, Sequence Prediction, Stabilization, Universal Induction.",
}
@InProceedings{Chernov:05postbnd,
author = "A. Chernov and M. Hutter",
title = "Monotone Conditional Complexity Bounds on Future Prediction Errors",
booktitle = "Proc. 16th International Conf. on Algorithmic Learning Theory ({ALT'05})",
address = "Singapore",
series = "LNAI",
volume = "3734",
_editor = "Sanjay Jain and Hans Ulrich Simon and Etsuji Tomita",
publisher = "Springer, Berlin",
pages = "414--428",
year = "2005",
issn = "0302-9743",
isbn = "3-540-29242-X",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/postbnd.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0507041",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-16-05.pdf",
keywords = "Kolmogorov complexity, posterior bounds,
online sequential prediction, Solomonoff prior,
monotone conditional complexity, total error,
future loss, randomness deficiency.",
}
@InProceedings{Legg:05iors,
author = "S. Legg and M. Hutter",
number = "IDSIA-04-05",
title = "A Universal Measure of Intelligence for Artificial Agents",
booktitle = "Proc. 21st International Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence ({IJCAI-2005})",
pages = "1509--1510",
_editor = "L. P. Kaelbling and A. Saffiotti",
_publisher = "Professional Book Center",
address = "Edinburgh",
year = "2005",
isbn_print = "0-938075-93-4",
isbn_cd = "0-938075-94-2",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/iors.htm",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-04-05.pdf",
press = "http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725125.800.html",
}
@InProceedings{Poland:05actexp2,
author = "J. Poland and M. Hutter",
title = "Defensive Universal Learning with Experts",
booktitle = "Proc. 16th International Conf. on Algorithmic Learning Theory ({ALT'05})",
address = "Singapore",
series = "LNAI",
volume = "3734",
_editor = "Sanjay Jain and Hans Ulrich Simon and Etsuji Tomita",
publisher = "Springer, Berlin",
pages = "356--370",
year = "2005",
issn = "0302-9743",
isbn = "3-540-29242-X",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/actexp2.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0507044",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-15-05.pdf",
keywords = "Prediction with expert advice, responsive
environments, partial observation game, bandits, universal
learning, asymptotic optimality.",
}
@InProceedings{Poland:05actexp,
author = "J. Poland and M. Hutter",
title = "Master Algorithms for Active Experts Problems based on Increasing Loss Values",
booktitle = "Annual Machine Learning Conference of Belgium and the Netherlands ({Benelearn-2005})",
address = "Enschede",
_editor = "Martijn van Otterlo and Mannes Poel and Anton Nijholt",
year = "2005",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/actexp.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0502067",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-01-05.pdf",
keywords = "Prediction with expert advice, responsive
environments, partial observation game, bandits, universal
learning, asymptotic optimality.",
}
@InProceedings{Poland:05mdlreg,
author = "J. Poland and M. Hutter",
title = "Strong Asymptotic Assertions for Discrete {MDL} in Regression and Classification",
booktitle = "Annual Machine Learning Conference of Belgium and the Netherlands ({Benelearn-2005})",
address = "Enschede",
_editor = "Martijn van Otterlo and Mannes Poel and Anton Nijholt",
year = "2005",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/mdlreg.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/math.ST/0502315",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-02-05.pdf",
keywords = "Regression, Classification, Sequence Prediction,
Machine Learning, Minimum Description Length, Bayes Mixture,
Marginalization, Convergence, Discrete Model Classes.",
}
@Article{Hutter:05expertx,
author = "M. Hutter and J. Poland",
title = "Adaptive Online Prediction by Following the Perturbed Leader",
_month = apr,
volume = "6",
year = "2005",
pages = "639--660",
journal = "Journal of Machine Learning Research",
publisher = "Microtome",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/expertx.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0504078",
url2 = "http://www.jmlr.org/papers/v6/hutter05a.html",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-10-05.pdf",
keywords = "Prediction with Expert Advice, Follow the Perturbed Leader,
general weights, adaptive learning rate,
adaptive adversary, hierarchy of experts,
expected and high probability bounds, general alphabet and loss,
online sequential prediction.",
}
@InProceedings{Legg:05fuds,
author = "S. Legg and M. Hutter",
title = "Fitness Uniform Deletion for Robust Optimization",
booktitle = "Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference ({GECCO'05})",
address = "Washington, OR",
editor = "H.-G. Beyer et al.",
publisher = "ACM SigEvo",
ISBN = "1-59593-010-8",
_month = jun,
year = "2005",
pages = "1271--1278",
keywords = "Evolutionary algorithm, deletion schemes, fitness evaluation,
optimization, fitness landscapes, (self)adaptation.",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/fuds.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.NE/0504035",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-11-04.pdf",
}
@Article{Hutter:05unipriorx,
author = "M. Hutter",
title = "On Generalized Computable Universal Priors and their Convergence",
journal = "Theoretical Computer Science",
year = "2005",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/unipriorx.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0503026",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-05-05.pdf",
keywords = "Sequence prediction; Algorithmic Information Theory;
Solomonoff's prior; universal probability;
mixture distributions; posterior convergence;
computability concepts; Martin-Loef randomness.",
}
@InProceedings{Hutter:04bayestree,
author = "M. Hutter",
title = "Fast Non-Parametric {B}ayesian Inference on Infinite Trees",
booktitle = "Proc. 10th International Conf. on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics ({AISTATS-2005})",
_address = "Barbados",
_editor = "R. G. Cowell and Z. Ghahramani",
publisher = "Society for Artificial Intelligence and Statistics",
pages = "144--151",
year = "2005",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/bayestree.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/math.PR/0411515",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-24-04.pdf",
keywords = "Bayesian density estimation, exact linear time algorithm,
non-parametric inference, adaptive infinite tree, Polya tree,
scale invariance.",
}
@InProceedings{Hutter:04mlconvx,
author = "M. Hutter and An. A. Muchnik",
title = "Universal Convergence of Semimeasures on Individual Random Sequences",
booktitle = "Proc. 15th International Conf. on Algorithmic Learning Theory ({ALT'04})",
address = "Padova",
series = "LNAI",
volume = "3244",
_editor = "S. Ben-David and J. Case and A. Maruoka",
publisher = "Springer, Berlin",
pages = "234--248",
year = "2004",
issn = "0302-9743",
isbn = "3-540-23356-3",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/mlconvx.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0407057",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-14-04.pdf",
keywords = "Sequence prediction; Algorithmic Information Theory;
universal enumerable semimeasure; mixture distributions;
posterior convergence; Martin-L{\"o}f randomness;
quasimeasures.",
}
@InProceedings{Hutter:04expert,
author = "M. Hutter and J. Poland",
title = "Prediction with Expert Advice by Following the Perturbed Leader for General Weights",
booktitle = "Proc. 15th International Conf. on Algorithmic Learning Theory ({ALT'04})",
address = "Padova",
series = "LNAI",
volume = "3244",
_editor = "S. Ben-David and J. Case and A. Maruoka",
publisher = "Springer, Berlin",
pages = "279--293",
year = "2004",
issn = "0302-9743",
isbn = "3-540-23356-3",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/expert.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0405043",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-08-04.pdf",
keywords = "Prediction with Expert Advice, Follow the Perturbed Leader,
general weights, adaptive learning rate,
hierarchy of experts, expected and high probability bounds,
general alphabet and loss, online sequential prediction.",
}
@InProceedings{Poland:04mdlspeed,
author = "J. Poland and M. Hutter",
title = "On the convergence speed of {MDL} predictions for {B}ernoulli sequences",
booktitle = "Proc. 15th International Conf. on Algorithmic Learning Theory ({ALT'04})",
address = "Padova",
series = "LNAI",
volume = "3244",
_editor = "S. Ben-David and J. Case and A. Maruoka",
publisher = "Springer, Berlin",
pages = "294--308",
year = "2004",
issn = "0302-9743",
isbn = "3-540-23356-3",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/mdlspeed.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0407039",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-13-04.pdf",
keywords = "MDL, Minimum Description Length, Convergence Rate,
Prediction, Bernoulli, Discrete Model Class.",
}
TechReport{Hutter:04bayespea,
author = "M. Hutter",
title = "Online Prediction -- {B}ayes versus Experts",
institution = "http://www.idsia.ch/$_{^\sim}$marcus/ai/bayespea.htm",
month = jul,
pages = "4 pages",
year = "2004",
note = "Presented at the {\em EU PASCAL Workshop on
Learning Theoretic and Bayesian Inductive Principles (LTBIP-2004)}",
url = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/bayespea.htm",
ps = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/bayespea.ps",
pdf = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/bayespea.pdf",
slides = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/sbayespea.pdf",
keywords = "Bayesian sequence prediction;
Prediction with Expert Advice;
general weights, alphabet and loss.",
}
@InProceedings{Poland:04mdl2p,
author = "J. Poland and M. Hutter",
title = "Convergence of Discrete {MDL} for Sequential Prediction",
booktitle = "Proc. 17th Annual Conf. on Learning Theory ({COLT'04})",
address = "Banff",
series = "LNAI",
volume = "3120",
_editor = "J. Shawe-Taylor and Y. Singer",
publisher = "Springer, Berlin",
pages = "300--314",
year = "2004",
isbn = "3-540-22282-0",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/mdl2p.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0404057",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-03-04.pdf",
keywords = "Minimum Description Length, Sequence Prediction,
Convergence, Discrete Model Classes, Universal Induction,
Stabilization, Algorithmic Information Theory.",
}
@InProceedings{Legg:04fussexp,
author = "S. Legg and M. Hutter and A. Kumar",
title = "Tournament versus Fitness Uniform Selection",
booktitle = "Proc. 2004 Congress on Evolutionary Computation ({CEC'04})",
address = "Portland, OR",
xeditor = "??",
publisher = "IEEE",
ISBN = "0-7803-8515-2",
_month = jun,
year = "2004",
pages = "2144--2151",
keywords = "Selection schemes, fitness evaluation, optimization,
fitness landscapes, basic working principles of evolutionary computations,
(self)adaptation, evolutionary algorithm,
deceptive \& multimodal optimization problems.",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/fussexp.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0403038",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-04-04.pdf",
press = "http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/032801/Diversity_trumps_fitness_032801.html",
}
@InProceedings{Hutter:03unimdl,
author = "M. Hutter",
title = "Sequence Prediction based on Monotone Complexity",
booktitle = "Proc. 16th Annual Conf. on Learning Theory ({COLT'03})",
address = "Washington, DC",
series = "LNAI",
volume = "2777",
_editor = "B. Sch{\"o}lkopf and M. K. Warmuth",
publisher = "Springer, Berlin",
pages = "506--521",
year = "2003",
isbn = "3-540-40720-0",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/unimdl.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0306036",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-09-03.ps.gz",
keywords = "Sequence prediction; Algorithmic Information Theory;
Solomonoff's prior; Monotone Kolmogorov Complexity;
Minimal Description Length; Convergence;
Self-Optimizingness",
}
@Article{Schmidhuber:02ulaos,
author = "J. Schmidhuber and M. Hutter",
title = "Universal Learning Algorithms and Optimal Search",
journal = "NIPS 2001 Workshop",
volume = "",
pages = "",
year = "2002",
note = "http://www.idsia.ch/$_{^\sim}$marcus\linebreak[1]/idsia/nipsws.htm",
}
@Article{Hutter:04mifs,
author = "Marcus Hutter and Marco Zaffalon",
title = "Distribution of Mutual Information from Complete and Incomplete Data",
journal = "Computational Statistics \& Data Analysis",
volume = "48",
number = "3",
pages = "633--657",
year = "2005",
_month = mar,
publisher = "Elsevier Science",
url = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/mifs.htm",
url2 = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.LG/0403025",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-11-02.pdf",
categories = "I.2. [Artificial Intelligence]",
keywords = "Mutual information, cross entropy, Dirichlet distribution, second
order distribution, expectation and variance of mutual
information, feature selection, filters, naive Bayes classifier,
Bayesian statistics.",
}
@InProceedings{Zaffalon:02feature,
author = "Marco Zaffalon and Marcus Hutter",
title = "Robust Feature Selection by Mutual Information Distributions",
_month = jun,
year = "2002",
pages = "577--584",
booktitle = "Proc. 18th International Conf. on
Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI-2002)",
_editor = "A. Darwiche and N. Friedman",
publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/feature.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0206006",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-08-02.ps.gz",
categories = "I.2. [Artificial Intelligence]",
keywords = "Robust feature selection, Filter approach, naive Bayes classifier,
Mutual Information, Cross Entropy, Dirichlet distribution, Second
order distribution, Bayesian statistics, Credible intervals,
expectation and variance of mutual information, missing data.",
}
@InProceedings{Hutter:01xentropy,
author = "M. Hutter",
title = "Distribution of Mutual Information",
_month = dec,
booktitle = "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 14",
_editor = "T. G. Dietterich and S. Becker and Z. Ghahramani",
publisher = "MIT Press",
address = "Cambridge, MA",
pages = "399--406",
year = "2002",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/xentropy.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0112019",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-13-01.ps.gz",
categories = "I.2. [Artificial Intelligence]",
keywords = "Mutual Information, Cross Entropy, Dirichlet distribution, Second
order distribution, expectation and variance of mutual
information.",
}
@InProceedings{Kwee:01market,
author = "Ivo Kwee and Marcus Hutter and Juergen Schmidhuber",
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year = "2001",
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publisher = "Springer, Berlin",
series = "LNCS",
volume = "2130",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/pmarket.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0105025",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-10-01.ps.gz",
categories = "I.2. [Artificial Intelligence]",
keywords = "Hayek system; reinforcement learning; partial observable environment",
}
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author = "M. Hutter",
title = "Fitness Uniform Selection to Preserve Genetic Diversity",
booktitle = "Proc. 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC-2002)",
address = "Honolulu, HI",
publisher = "IEEE",
ISSN = "1098-7576",
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year = "2002",
pages = "783--788",
keywords = "Evolutionary algorithms, fitness uniform selection strategy,
preserve diversity, local optima, evolution,
correlated recombination, crossover.",
http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/pfuss.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0103015",
ftp = "http://www.idsia.ch/idsiareport/IDSIA-01-01.ps.gz",
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author = "Ivo Kwee and Marcus Hutter and Juergen Schmidhuber",
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ISBN = "90-393-2874-9",
ISSN = "1389-5184",
keywords = "Artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning, direct policy search,
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http = "http://www.hutter1.de/ai/pgrep.htm",
url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0111060",
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@inproceedings{Zhidong:2010,
author = {Zhidong Li and
Yang Wang and
Jing Chen and
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title = {Image Topic Discovery with Saliency Detection},
booktitle = {BMVC},
year = {2010},
pages = {1-11},
ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5244/C.24.33},
crossref = {DBLP:conf/bmvc/2010},
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@proceedings{DBLP:conf/bmvc/2010,
editor = {Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Labrosse and
Reyer Zwiggelaar and
Yonghuai Liu and
Bernie Tiddeman},
title = {British Machine Vision Conference, BMVC 2010, Aberystwyth,
UK, August 31 - September 3, 2010. Proceedings},
booktitle = {BMVC},
publisher = {British Machine Vision Association},
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@ARTICLE{Liebchen2009,
AUTHOR = {Tilman Liebchen},
TITLE = {MPEG-4 ALS – The Standard for Lossless Audio Coding},
JOURNAL = {Journal of the the Acoustical Society of Korea},
YEAR = {2009},
MONTH = oct,
PAGES = {618--629},
VOLUME = {28},
NUMBER = {7},
PDF = {http://elvera.nue.tu-berlin.de/files/1216Liebchen2009.pdf}
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author = {M. Raad and A. Mertins},
title = {From lossy to lossless audio coding using SPIHT},
booktitle = {Proc. of the 5th Int. Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-02)},
year = {2002},
pages = {245--250},
address = {Hamburg, Germany},
month = {Sept.}
}